Table Of ContentPrebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology
Dimitris Charalampopoulos, Robert A. Rastall (Eds.)
Prebiotics and Probiotics
Science and Technology
With67figuresand97tables
Editors:
DimitrisCharalampopoulos
DepartmentofFoodBiosciences
UniversityofReading
Whiteknights,Reading
UK
[email protected]
RobertA.Rastall
DepartmentofFoodBiosciences
UniversityofReading
Whiteknights,Reading
UK
[email protected]
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009929416
ISBN:978-0-387-79057-2
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ToElieMetchnikoff,GlennGibsonandMarcelRoberfoidfororiginating
theconceptofprobioticsandprebiotics
Preface
Withgrowingconsumerandindustrialinterestinself-careandintegrativemedi-
cine, our understanding of the relationship between health and diet has grown
stronger. As a result, the market for functional foods, dietary supplements and
nutraceuticalsiscontinuingtoexpandrapidly.Amongtheseproducts,probiotics
andprebioticshavecarvedtheirownspecialnichebecauseoftheirscientifically-
supported health promoting properties, and have been in the forefront of re-
search over the past twenty years or so. This is driven by the realisation that the
gut microbiota can play a critical role in human health. Important functions of
the gut microbiota include the inhibition of the colonisation of the gut by
potentiallypathogenicmicroorganisms,themicrobialfermentationofsubstrates
yielding metabolicproductswhichcanserveassourcesofenergy for thegutcell
wall, and the modulation of the immune system. A substantial amount of
research has shown that the human gut microbiota can be modulated using
probiotics and prebiotics leading tovarious beneficial effects.
The prebiotics and probiotics area is a fast evolving field that attracts
significant interest by both the academic and industrial communities. As a
result, a substantial amount of research is generated every year. The use
of post-genomics, encompassing transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics
and meta-genomics has helped greatly in making significant advances in the
field,asthey providethemeanstocarryoutin-depthstudiesofthemechanisms
involvedandofthebeneficialeffectslikelytobeexertedtothehost.Thetargetof
many probiotics and prebiotics is the prevention and treatment of disorders
associated with the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including infectious, traveller’s,
and antibiotic-associated diarrhoeas, Clostridium difficile infections, and consti-
pation. They have also been suggested as therapeutic agents against irritable
bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases. An increasing amount of
evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies suggests that they are effective in
the prevention of atopic allergies and may have potential anti-carcinogenic
effects. In addition to the above, there has been considerable interest in
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viii Preface
extra-intestinal application of probiotics and prebiotics, such as in urogenital
infections and oral health, and in their applications in animals.
This bookwill giveadetailedandupto dateaccountof theadvancesin the
prebiotics and probiotics field, covering their taxonomy, the potential beneficial
effectsto humansandanimals,theproposedmechanismsofactions,themolec-
ular techniques used, and the challenges faced in manufacturing such products.
The book consists of thirty one chapters. It starts with an introduction into the
gastrointestinaltractecosystemanditsinteractionwithprebioticsandprobiotics
(Chapter 1), it then describes the molecular techniques used for analysing the
complex gut ecosystem (Chapters 2 and 3), and discusses the design of human
trials for evaluating their efficacy (Chapter 4). It then moves into the area of
prebiotics and starts off by discussing the mechanisms of prebiotic impact on
health(Chapter5);itthenprovidesasystematicoverviewofestablishedaswellas
potential prebiotic oligosaccharides (Chapters 6 to 11). Each of these chapters
covers the processes used to manufacture these compounds, and critically dis-
cussestheirefficacybasedonpublisheddatafrominvitroandinvivostudies.The
rest of the chapters in the prebiotics part cover the application of prebiotics in
animals(Chapter12),theanalysisofprebioticoligosaccharides(Chapter13),and
theirmanufacturefrombiomasssources(Chapter14).Thebookthenfocuseson
probiotics and begins with a taxonomic study of probiotic microorganisms
(Chapter 15). It then discusses their interaction in the human gut (Chapter 16),
provides an overview of functional genomic studies of probiotics (Chapter 17),
discusses thechallenges in their manufacture (Chapter18)and in their addition
to foods (Chapter 19), and presents the encapsulation methodologies used
to improve probiotic delivery (Chapter 20). Subsequent chapters cover the
potential beneficial effects of probiotics focusing on antibiotic-associated and
Clostridium difficile diarrhea (Chapter 21), infectious and traveller’s diarrhea
(Chapter 22), immune modulation (Chapter 23), chronic gastrointestinal infec-
tions (Chapter 24), allergic diseases (Chapter 25), potential anti-carcinogenic
effects (Chapter 26), urogenital applications (Chapter 27), oral health
(Chapter 28), and on the development of mucosal vaccines based on lactic acid
bacteria (Chapter 29). Finally, the remaining chapters cover the applications of
probiotics in livestock animals (Chapter 30) and safety aspects of probiotics
(Chapter 31).
Preface ix
Theaimofthisbookistoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewoftheresearch
inthefieldofprebioticsandprobioticscoveringtheachievements,challengesand
futureneeds.Assuch,wehopethatthisbookwillbeavaluablereferencetoboth
researchers and industrialists working in the field.
Dimitris Charalampopoulos
Bob Rastall
Table of Contents
Volume 1
Editors .................................................... xv
List of Contributors ........................................ xvii
1 Using Probiotics and Prebiotics to Manage the Gastrointestinal
Tract Ecosystem ......................................... 1
RandalBuddington
2 Molecular Tools for Investigating the Gut Microbiota ......... 33
ChristopheLay
3 Post-Genomics Approaches towards Monitoring Changes
within the Microbial Ecology of the Gut .................... 79
KieranM.Tuohy.LeticiaAbecia.EddieR.Deaville.FrancescaFava.
AnnettKlinder.QingShen
4 Designing Trials for Testing the Efficacy of Pre- Pro- and
Synbiotics ............................................ 111
StephenLewis.CharlotteAtkinson
5 Mechanisms of Prebiotic Impact on Health ................. 135
H.Steed.S.Macfarlane
6 Fructan Prebiotics Derived from Inulin .................... 163
DouwinaBosscher
7 Galacto-Oligosaccharide Prebiotics ....................... 207
GeorgeTzortzis.JelenaVulevic
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xii TableofContents
8 Prebiotic Potential of Xylo-Oligosaccharides ................ 245
H.Ma¨kela¨inen.M.Juntunen.O.Hasselwander
9 Resistant Starch and Starch-Derived Oligosaccharides as
Prebiotics ............................................ 259
A.Adam-Perrot.L.Gutton.L.Sanders.S.Bouvier.C.Combe.
R.VanDenAbbeele.S.Potter.A.W.C.Einerhand
10 Oligosaccharides Derived from Sucrose .................... 293
PierreF.Monsan.FrancoisOuarne´
11 Prebiotic Potential of Polydextrose ....................... 337
JulianD.Stowell
12 Prebiotics in Companion and Livestock Animal Nutrition ..... 353
KathleenA.Barry.BrittanyM.Vester.GeorgeC.Fahey,Jr.
13 Analysis of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ..................... 465
M.L.Sanz.A.I.Ruiz-Matute.N.Corzo.I.Mart´ınez-Castro
14 Manufacture of Prebiotics from Biomass Sources ............ 535
PatriciaGullo´n.BeatrizGullo´n.Andre´sMoure.Jose´LuisAlonso.
HerminiaDom´ınguez.JuanCarlosParajo´
15 Taxonomy of Probiotic Microorganisms ................... 593
GiovannaE.Felis.FrancoDellaglio.SandraTorriani
Volume 2
Editors .................................................... xv
List of Contributors ........................................ xvii
16 Ecological Interactions of Bacteria in the Human Gut ........ 641
GwenFalony.LucDeVuyst
