Pre-Industrial Korea and Japan in Environmental Perspective

280 Pages·2004·62.133 MB·English

by  Conrad Totman

PRE-INDUSTRIAL KOREA AND JAPAN IN
ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES
HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK
SECTION FIVE
JAPAN
edited by
MARK BLUM · R. KERSTEN · M.F. LOW
VOLUME ELEVEN
PRE-INDUSTRIAL KOREA AND JAPAN
IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
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PRE-INDUSTRIAL
KOREA AND JAPAN
IN ENVIRONMENTAL
PERSPECTIVE
BY
CONRAD TOTMAN
BRILL
LEIDEN (cid:127)BOSTON
2004
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on
http://catalog.loc.gov
ISSN0921-5239
ISBN90 04 13626 6
© Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by
Brill Academic Publishers provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to
The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
Danvers MA 01923, USA.
PRINTEDINTHENETHERLANDS
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v
For Michiko
Companion of Fifty Years
She has crossed oceans,
bridged chasms,
shouldered mountains,
weathered storms,
and been there despite it all.
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations ...................................................................... ix
Preface ........................................................................................ xi
Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xv
Chronology .................................................................................. xvii
Introduction ................................................................................ 1
Chapter One: Paleogeography and Pre-Agricultural Society
(to 1000 BCE) ........................................................................ 9
Geological Background .......................................................... 10
Geographical Context ............................................................ 16
Pre-Agricultural Society .......................................................... 20
Chapter Two: The Rise of Early Agrarian Regimes
(1000 BCE–700 CE) .............................................................. 31
Cropping, Metallurgy, and Their Impact: An Overview ... 32
Agriculture and Metal Use in Korea and Japan to
100 BCE .............................................................................. 33
Political Ramifications (100 BCE–700 CE) .......................... 45
Society and Environment to 700 CE .................................. 55
Recapitulation ........................................................................ 64
Chapter Three: The Early Agricultural Order (700–1350) ... 65
The Heyday of Aristocratic Bureaucracy (700–1150) ........ 67
Disorder and Disintegration (1150–1350) ............................ 94
Recapitulation ........................................................................ 109
Chapter Four: The Later Agricultural Order (1350–1870) ... 111
A Political Narrative, 1350–1870 .......................................... 113
The Age of Growth (1350–1700) ........................................ 123
The Age of Stasis (1700–1870) ............................................ 142
Recapitulation ........................................................................ 161
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viii 
Epilogue: ...................................................................................... 165
To 1870 .................................................................................. 166
Since 1870 .............................................................................. 168
Glossary ...................................................................................... 173
List of Plant and Animal Names .............................................. 180
Bibliographical Essay .................................................................. 181
Bibliography ................................................................................ 211
Index ............................................................................................ 223
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ix
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Pages Maps
2 0-1. Korea and Japan
11 1-1. The Breakup of Pangaea
13 1-2. Major Tectonic Elements of Korea and Japan
16 1-3. Northeast Asia, ca. 18,000 yBP, an Approximation
35 2-1. Continental Asia
38 2-2. Northeast Asia
47 2-3. Early Regimes, Korea and Japan
57 2-4. Formation of the Osaka Vicinity
69 3-1. The Kyöngju Vicinity
74 3-2. The Kinai Basin
97 3-3. The Vicinity of Kanghwa Island
Figures
4 0-1. Demographic Trends, 0–2000 CE
61 2-1. Population Estimates, 200 BCE–800 CE
Plates
1. Korea: lowland vista, near Seoul
2. Japan: mountain ridges, in Tòhoku
3. Japan: wet rice maturing amidst other vegetation, near Tokyo
4. Japan: the port of Hirado, in Kyushu
5. Korea: atop Mt. Kwanak, near Seoul
6. Japan: Edogawa at flood stage, near Tokyo
7. Korea: agricultural landscape, near Seoul
8. Japan: valley and low hills, in Tòhoku
9. Japan: paddy terrain, in Tòhoku
10. Korea: paddy fields in harvest, near Taegu
11. Japan: Hòryùji, near Nara
12. Korea: paddy fields ripening, north of Seoul