Table Of ContentBBSSCCZO- 104
B. Sc. I YEAR
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Board of Studies and Programme Coordinator
Board of Studies
Prof. H.C.S.Bisht
Department of Zoology
Prof. B.D.Joshi
DSB Campus,Kumaun University,
Retd.Prof.
Nainital
Department of Zoology
Gurukul Kangri University
Prof. H.C.Tiwari
Haridwar
Retd. Prof. & Principal
Department of Zoology,
Dr.N.N.Pandey
MB Govt.PG College
Principal Scientist,
Haldwani Nainital.
Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries
Research (ICAR)
Bhimtal (Nainital).
Dr. Shyam S.Kunjwal
Department of Zoology
School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University
Programme Coordinator
Dr. Shyam S.Kunjwal
Department of Zoology
School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University
Haldwani, Nainital
Unit writing and Editing
Editor Writer
Dr. Mahesh Kumar Dr. Suneeta Negi
Department of Zoology Associate Professor
Department of Zoology
MB Govt.PG College Haldwani
Govt.PG College Kotdwar
(Kumaun University Nainital)
(HNB Garhwal)University
Uttarakhand (India).
Dr.Shyam S.Kunjwal
Department of Zoology
School of Sciences
Uttarakhand Open University
Haldwani (Nainital)
Dr.Poonam Tripathi
Assistant Professor
Department of Zoology
MB Govt.PG College Haldwani
(Kumaun University Nainital)
Uttarakhand (India).
Shruti Saxena
Assistant Professor
Department of Zoology
SGRRPG College, Dehradun
Dr.Manisha Uniyal
Assistant Professor
Department of Zoology
SGRRPG College, Dehradun
Dr.N.C.Khanduri
Assistant Professor
Department of Zoology
Govt.PG College Agustyamuni
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Course Title and Code : Practical Zoology (BSCZO 104)
ISBN : 978-93-85740-56-5
Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University
Edition : 2017
Published By : Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital- 263139
BSCZO-104
Practical Zoology
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
SCHOOL OF SCIENCES
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123
Toll free No. 18001804025
Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail: [email protected]
htpp://uou.ac.in
Contents
Course 4: Practical Zoology
Course code: BSCZO104 Credit: 3
Unit Block and Unit title Page
number number
Block 1 Museum Specimen Study 1-288
1 Protozoa: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Ceratium and Noctiluca. 1-33
Plasmodium, Monocystis, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Ent-amoeba and
Giardia.
2 Porifera: Leucosolenia, Grantia, Scypha, Hyalonema, Euplectella, Spongilla 34-55
and Euspongia. L. S. and T. S. of Scypha & Grantia.
3 Coelentrata: Medusa of Obelia, larval stages of Aurelia, Physalia, Porpita, Vellela, 56-85
Tubipora, Millepora, Aurelia, Gorgonium, Pennatua, Alcyonium, Adamsia.
4 Platyhelminthes: Dugesia, Fasciola and Taenia.Transverse sections of 86-110
Fasciola and Taenia, mature and gravid proglottids of Taenia, developmental
stages of Fasciola and Taenia.
5 111-131
Nematoda: Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Dracunculus, Wuchereria, Trichinella,
Schistosoma and Enterobius.
6 Annelida: Nereis, Heteronereis, Aphrodite, Arenicola, Pheretima, 132-160
Pontobdella, and Hirudinaria. Transverse sections of Nereis and Hirudinaria,
Trochophore larva of Nereis, Parapodium of Nereis and Heteronereis
7 Arthropoda : Limulus, Spider, Palamnaeus, Apus, Lepas, Balanus, 161-229
Sacculina, Palaemon, Lobster, Eupagurus, Crab, Lepisma,
Odontotermes, Pediculus, Schistocerca, Papilio, Bombyx,
Xenopsylla, Apis, Julus and Scolopendra. Crustacean larvae
(Nauplius, Zoea, Megalopa and Mysis), mosquito larva & pupa.
Sacculina, Lice, flea, bedbug, tick and mites
8 Mollusca: Chiton, Dentalium, Sepia, Patella, Pila, Turbinella, Aplysia, Slug, Snail, 230-265
Mytilus, Octopus. Transverse sections of Lamellidens and Glochidium larva.
9 266-288
Enchinodermata: Pentaceros, Asterias, Ophiothrix, Echinus, Holothuria
and Antedon. Pedicellariae of Star fish.
289-448
Block 2 Experimentation
10 289-320
Study of living animals: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Hydra and rectal
ciliates
11 Minor dissections /Permanent slide preparation: Permanent preparations / 321-354
Minor dissections of the following: Paramecium Porifera: Sponge
spicules and gemmules. Coelenterates: Obelia colony, Obelia
medusa. Arthropoda: Mouth parts of honey bee, butterfly,
cockroach and grasshopper.
12 355-409
Cytological study:
a. Study of mitosis and meiosis using available material.
b. Study of permanent slides showing stages of cell division, giant
chromosome, , mitochondria, Golgi body etc
13 410-448
Genetics experiment:
Experimentation on Mendelian and non – Mendelian inheritance, study of
mutants of Drosophila through charts/photographs.
ZO-104: Practical Zoology Uttarakhand Open University
UNIT 1: PROTOZOA (STUDY OF PERMANENT
SLIDES)
Contents
1.1- Objectives
1.2-Introduction
1.3- General Character & Classification
1.4- Study of Protozoan’s:-
1.4.1- Amoeba and Paramecium
1.4.2- Euglena
1.4.3- Ceratium & Noctiluca
1.4.5- Plasmodium & Trypnosoma
1.4.6-Leishmania, Entamoeba and Giardia
1.5- Summary
1.6- Glossary
1.8-References
1.9-Suggested Readings
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ZO-104: Practical Zoology Uttarakhand Open University
1.1-Objectives:
• To study General characters of Phylum Protozoa and its classification up to order.
• Study of permanent slides & study of Protozoan’s with particular reference to Amoeba,
Paramecium, Ceratium, Noctiluca , Euglena, Plasmodium , Monocystis, Trypnosoma,
Leishmania , Entamoeba and Giardia .
1.2-Introduction
• The Protozoa are heterogeneous assemblage of some 50,000 cellular or single- cell
organism found worldwide in most habitats. Protozoa means ‘first animal’ the simplest
form of animal life. Protozoa are unicellular microorganisms (eukaryotes) that lack cell
walls. They are found in marine habitat or soil, in fresh water bodies, symbiotic, some
forms are parasites in other organisms. Protozoa depends on nutrition, temperature, pH,
and some depends on sunlight.
• Protozoa were defined as unicellular protists with animal-like behavior, such
as movement. Protozoa were regarded as the partner group of protists to protophyta,
which have plant-like behavior, e.g. photosynthesis. The term protozoan has become
highly problematic due to the introduction of modern ultra structural, biochemical, and
genetic techniques, which have showed that the group does not form a clade as required
by modern classifications. Modern unicellular clades within Eukaryotes which may be
viewed as approximately collectively replacing the class of protozoa
include: Excavata, Amoeba, Chromalveolata and Rhizaria.
• Protozoan’s are usually single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes containing non-
filamentous structures that belong to any of the major lineages of protists. They are
restricted to moist or aquatic habitats (i.e., they are obligate aquatic organisms). Many
protozoan species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of feces
bacteria and algae. There are an estimated 50,000 protozoan species.
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ZO-104: Practical Zoology Uttarakhand Open University
• The Protozoa are considered to be a subkingdom of the kingdom Protista, although in the
classical system they were placed in the kingdom Animalia. More than 50,000 species
have been described, most of which are free-living organisms; protozoa are found in
almost every possible habitat. The fossil record in the form of shells in sedimentary
rocks shows that protozoa were present in the Pre-Cambrian era. Anton van
Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see protozoa, using microscopes he constructed
with simple lenses. Between 1674 and 1716, he described, in addition to free-living
protozoa, several parasitic species from animals, and Giardia lamblia from his own
stools.
1.3- General Characters of phylum Protozoa:-
1. Protozoa are microscopic animalcules with very simple organization.
2. These are unicellular, having one or more nuclei.
3. The body may be naked or protected either with the pellicle or with skeleton in the form
of test or cyst.
4. The single cell of the body performs all the vital activities i.e. there is no physiological
division of labour.
5. Animalcules may be “free living, commensal or parasitic. The free living forms are
aquatic, inhabiting fresh and slat waters. These may be solitary or colonial. The parasitic
forms reside on or inside the body of animals and plants.
6. Nutrition may be holozoic (animal-like), holophytic (plant-like), saprozoic (subsisting on
dead organic matter.) saprophytic (feeding on liquid food) or parasitic.
7. The digestion is intracellular and is accomplished inside the food vacuole.
8. Locomotory organs may be pseudopodia or flagella or cilia or absent.
9. Respiration and excretion are brought about through the general body surface. The
contractile vacuoles help in osmoregulation and excretion.
10. Asexual reproduction by binary fission, multiple fission and budding and Sexual
reproduction by gamete formation or by the conjugation of adult.
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ZO-104: Practical Zoology Uttarakhand Open University
Classification of Protozoa:-
Outline Classification of Phylum Protozoa:-
Subphylum: 1. Sarcomastigophora
Superclass: 1. Mastigophora
ClassA. Phytomastigophorea = (Phytoflagellata)
Orders: 1. Chrysomonadida 4. Euglenida
2. Cryptomonadida 5. Chloromonadida
3. Dinoflagellida 6. Volvocida
Class B. Zoomastigophora (Zooflagellata)
1. Rhizomastigida 2. Kinetoplastida
3. Choanoflagellida 4. Diplomonadida
5. Hypermastigida 6. Trichomonadida
Super class: 2 Opalinata
Order: Opalinida
Superclass: 3 Sarcodina
Class: A Rhizopodea
Subclass :(a) Lobosia
Orders: 1. Amoebida 2. Arcellinida (=Testacida)
Subclass b. Filosia Subclass c: Granuloreticulosia
Order: 1. Foraminiferida
Class B. Piroplasmea
Order: Piroplasmida
Class C. Actinopodea
Subclass a. Acantharia b. Heliozoia
c. Radiolaria d. Proteomyxidia
e. Mycetozoa
Subphylum: II Sporozoa
Class A. Telosporea
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