Table Of ContentProceedings of a Conference Held at the International
Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases in Nairobi,
Kenya, August 24-29, 1978
PRACTICAL TISSUE CULTURE
APPLICATIONS
edited by
KARL MARAMOROSCH
Waksman institute of Microbiology
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
and
HIROYUKI HIRUMI
ILRAD
Nairobi, Kenya
ACADEMIC PRESS 1979
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Practical tissue culture applications.
1. Tissue culture. I. Maramorosch, Karl. II. Hirumi,
Hiroyuki. [DNLM: 1. Tissue culture. QS525 P895]
QH585.P72 574\07'24 79-12068
ISBN 0-12-470285-6
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses refer to the pages on which authors' contributions begin.
ALLISON, A. C. (171), International Laboratory for Research on Animal
Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
BACHRACH, H. L. (137), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York 11944
BEAUDOIN, R. L. (255), The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue,
New York, New York 10021
BROWN, C. G. D. (223), Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland
BÜSCHER, G. (351), ILRAD, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
BUTTERWORTH, A. E. (287), Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical
School, Seeley G. Mudd Building, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115
CARNEY, J. M. (155), UCLA School of Medicine, UCLA Center for Health
Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90024
GALUN, R. (399), Department of Zoology, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, P.O. Box 24100, Jerusalem, Israel
GRUNBERG, E. (177), Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland St., Nutley,
New Jersey 07110
HANKS, J. H. (3, 217), Department of Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins
School of Hygiene & Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St.,
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
HIRUMI, H. (309), ILRAD, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
JENSEN, J. B.* (255), The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue,
New York, New York 10021
JENSEN, M. D. (115), Instrumentation Laboratory, Inc., 113 Hartwell
Ave., Lexington, Massashusetts 02139
KAHN, R. P. (185), Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Federal Bld., Hyattsville, Maryland, 20782
KURTTI, T. J. (351), Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers
University, P. O. Box 759, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
LEAKE, C. J. (331), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,
London WC1E 7HT, England
LENNETTE, D. A. (87), Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Hahnemann Medical College, 235 N. 15th St., Philadephia,
Pennsylvania 19102
•Present Address: Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823.
ix
χ Contributors
LENNETTE, Ε. Η. (409), California Department of Health, 2151 Berkeley
Way, Berkeley, California 94704
LENNETTE, Ε. T. (87), The Joseph Stokes, Jr., Research Institute, The
Children's Hospital of Philadephia, 34th Street & Civic Center
Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
MARAMOROSCH, K. (387), Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers
University, P.O. Box 759, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
MURASHIGE, T. (27), University of California, Riverside, California 92502
MURRELL, L. R. (9), Department of Anatomy, University of Tennessee
Center for the Health Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
OZAWA, Y. (45), Animal Production and Health Division, Food and
Agriculture Organization, Via délie Terme di Carcalla, Rome, Italy
PORTER, K. R. (59), Department of Molecular, Cellular, and
Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
80302
PORTERFIELD, J. S. (105), Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South
Parks Road, University of Oxford, England
PUDNEY, M. (331), London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, England
SCHNEIDER, I. (373), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
Washington, D.C. 20012
SIDDIQUI, W. A. (267, 279), Department of Tropical Medicine,
3675 Kilauea Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816
SCHAFFNER, C. P. (203), Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
SCHMIDT, N. J. (409), The Joseph Stokes, Jr., Research Institute, The
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center
Boulevard, Philadelphia 19104
SMITH, D. (155), UCLA School of Medicine, UCLA Center for Health
Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90024
STIEHM, E. R. (155), UCLA School of Medicine, UCLA Center for Health
Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90024
TRAGER, W. (255), The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New
York, New York 10021
VADAS, M. A. (287), Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School,
Seeley G. Mudd Building, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston,
Massachusetts 02115
VARMA, M. G. R. (331), London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, England
WOLOSEWICK, J. J. (59), Department of Anatomy, University of Illinois
at the Medical Center, 1853 West Polk Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612
PREFACE
Great advances in in vitro technology have been made in the past two
decades. Standardized cell culture techniques are available in diverse areas of
bioscience and agriculture, and these techniques have been successfully
applied to the diagnosis of parasitic, viral, and hereditary diseases of man,
animals, and plants. The production of vaccines, as well as of "viral
insecticides," is now progressing with the use of in vitro techniques. Human
health, adequate food supply, and economic development are inextricably
linked, and in vitro technology, properly applied, can improve conditions for
millions of people, particularly for those living in developing countries.
Health cannot be isolated from its social context and the cumulative action of
poverty, malnutrition, lack of education, poor hygiene, inadequate housing,
unemployment, pollution, and disease agents, all of which lead to human
suffering. Biomedical sciences, in association with parasitology and the
application of in vitro techniques, might bring a solution to the pressing
problems faced not only by developing countries but also by developed
nations in the areas of health and economy.
The editors of this volume, who had worked together in the United States
for many years, felt that a conference should be organized to establish strong
links between tissue culture communities of developed and developing
nations. Consequently, a conference was held at the International Laboratory
for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) in Nairobi, Kenya, August 24-29,
1978. This conference resulted in several collaborative projects and
workshops and was the stimulus for this volume.
The purpose of this work is to describe some of the more important
practical applications of in vitro techniques in a simple, easily understandable
manner. The editors felt that such descriptions would be of interest both in
developed and developing countries. In the latter, effective applications of
modern tissue culture technology lag behind that in advanced countries, but
several problems presently affecting the health and economy of large areas of
the world could be rapidly overcome if modern in vitro technology became
readily available to all. According to World Health Organization statistics,
malaria alone kills as many as half the children before they reach their fifth
birthday, and childhood mortality rates in several developing countries are
fifty times higher than those in the developed world. Application of in vitro
techniques could be of great potential benefit in combating malaria,
schistosomiasis, filariasis, trypanosomiasis, leprosy, and leishmaniasis.
xi
xii Preface
Medical, veterinary, and agricultural problems could profit from proper
tissue culture applications. In view of the steadily increasing interest in tissue
culture methodology, the editors felt that the publication of a comprehensive
and authoritative text would be welcomed at this time. The contributors were
chosen on the basis of their outstanding knowledge of the various disciplines.
All are recognized experts in their own fields.
The chapters provide critical reviews, describe various techniques, as well
as complete step-by-step methodology, with special emphasis on applications
pertaining to the health and economy in developing nations. The pitfalls in
preparing general purpose culture media, balanced salt solutions, and the
procedures followed in the development of modern in vitro techniques are
masterfully described by J. H. Hanks, the dean of American tissue culturists.
The techniques for cultivation of vertebrate cells and organs are outlined by
L. R. Murrell. Plant tissue culture and its numerous applications are presented
by T. Murashige. Keith R. Porter and J. J. Wolosewick discuss electron
microscopy of cultured cells. Virus isolation and identification in cell cultures
is dealt with by J. S. Porterfield and by D. A. Lennette and Evelyne T.
Lennette. Mass production of cells for vaccines is described by Mona D.
Jensen and by H. L. Bachrach. The use of cultured cells for drug evaluation is
discussed by E. Grunberg. A. C. Allison deals with lymphocyte
transformation and the effect of drugs. Plant pathology and plant quarantine
can profit from tissue culture directly, as outlined by R. P. Kahn. The
decontamination of tissue culture, specifically the application of newer
antibiotics to remove bacterial and fungal contaminants, is presented by Carl
P. Schaffner. Applications of in vitro techniques to parasitology occupy
several chapters: tick-borne protozoan agents (C. G. Duncan Brown);
mosquito cell culture (M. G. R. Varma); tick cell culture (T. J. Kurtti and G.
Büscher); cultivation of malarial parasites and recent breakthroughs that
might lead to the development of antimalarial vaccines (J. B. Jensen, W.
Trager, R. L. Beaudoin, W. A. Siddiqui); tissue culture of schistosomes (A. E.
Butterworth); African trypanosomes (Imogene Schneider, H. Hirumi); the
combination of in vitro feeding techniques and tissue culture for the study of
arthropod-borne disease agents (Rachel Galun); biological control of insect
vectors and pests through the application of in vitro techniques for the
production of viral insecticides (K. Maramorosch). Immunologic assays for
malnutrition are described by Jean M. Carney. Future prospects for in vitro
techniques are outlined by Ε. H. Lennette and Nathalie J. Schmidt and by Y.
Ozawa.
The editors wish to express their sincere gratitude to all contributors for the
effort and care with which they have prepared their chapters. We extend our
thanks to ILRAD, to the World Health Organization, the Rockefeller
Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the U.S. State Department's Agency
for International Development for their generous financial support of the
Preface xiü
conference. Last, but not least, we wish to thank the staff of Academic Press
for their help in editing, indexing, proofreading, and other aspects of
production of this volume.
Karl Maramorosch
Hiroyuki Hirumi
Participants at the conference held in Nairobi, Kenya, August 24-29, 1978.
