Table Of ContentPractical RF Circuit Design for
Modern Wireless Systems
Volume II
Active Circuits and Systems
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Practical RF Circuit Design for
Modern Wireless Systems
Volume II
Active Circuits and Systems
Rowan Gilmore
Les Besser
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Gilmore,Rowan.
PracticalRFcircuitdesignformodernwirelesssystems/RowanGilmore,LesBesser.
v.cm.—(ArtechHousemicrowavelibrary)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Contents:v.2.Activecircuitsandsystems
ISBN1-58053-522-4(v.2:alk.paper)
1. Radio circuits—Design and construction. 2. Microwave circuits—Design and
construction. 3.Wirelesscommunicationsystems—Equipmentandsupplies.
I. Besser,Les. II. Title. III. Series.
TK6560.G452003
621.384’12—dc21 2003048107
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Gilmore,Rowan
PracticalRFcircuitdesignformodernwirelesssystems
Vol.2:Activecircuitsandsystems.—(ArtechHousemicrowavelibrary)
1.Radiocircuits—Design 2.Wirelesscommunicationsystems
I.Title II.Besser,Les
621.3’8412
ISBN1-58053-522-4
CoverdesignbyYekaterinaRatner.TextdesignbyDarrellJudd.
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InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-522-4
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003048107
10987654321
To our wives, Nicole and Susan
.
Chapter 0
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 LinearRFamplifierdesign—generalconsiderations 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Powergaindefinitions 3
1.3 Neutralization 7
1.4 Unilateraltransducergain 8
1.4.1 Unilateralfigureofmerit 10
1.4.2 Illustrativeexample:unilateralgaincalculations 12
1.4.3 Amplifierdesignwithsinglematchingnetworks 13
1.4.4 Unilateralconstantgaincircles 15
1.4.5 Illustrativeexample:single-sidedamplifierdesign 15
1.5 RFcircuitstabilityconsiderations 19
1.5.1 WhatmaycauseRFoscillation 22
1.5.2 Stabilityanalysiswitharbitrarysourceandloadterminations 25
1.5.3 Two-portstabilityconsiderations 30
1.5.4 Stabilitycircles 35
1.5.5 Graphicalformsofunconditionalstability 40
1.5.6 Graphicalformsofpotentialinstability 41
1.5.7 Cautionaboutmultistagesystems 42
1.6 Stabilizinganactivetwo-port 46
1.6.1 Findingtheminimum-lossresistorattheinputofthedevice 47
1.6.2 Broadbandstabilityconsiderations 49
1.7 Stabilizationofabipolartransistor 50
1.7.1 Examiningtheeffectoflosslessfeedback 50
1.7.2 Devicestabilization 51
1.8 Thedcbiastechniques 59
1.8.1 Passivedcbiasnetworks 60
1.8.2 Activedcbiascircuits 63
1.8.3 FeedingdcbiasintotheRFcircuit 64
1.8.4 Thedcbiascircuitsimulation 65
1.8.5 Filteringofdcbiasnetworks 69
1.9 Statisticalandworst-caseanalyses 69
vii
viii CONTENTS
1.10 Circuitlayoutconsiderations 71
1.11 Summary 74
1.12 Problems 74
References 75
Selectedbibliography 76
2 Linearandlow-noiseRFamplifiers 77
2.1 Introduction 77
2.2 BilateralRFamplifierdesignformaximumsmall-signalgain 78
2.2.1 Illustrativeexercise:amplifierdesignformaximumgain,G 82
MAX
2.3 Multistageamplifiers 88
2.3.1 Cascadingimpedance-matchedstages 88
2.3.2 Cascadingamplifiersbydirectimpedancematching 89
2.3.3 Outputpowerandimpedancematchconsiderationsof
cascadedamplifiers 92
2.4 Operatinggaindesignformaximumlinearoutputpower 94
2.4.1 Operatinggaindesignoutline 95
2.4.2 G versusP trade-offs 97
P OUT
2.4.3 Stabilityconsiderations 97
2.4.4 Illustrativeexample:operatinggaindesignformaximum
linearpoweroutput 98
2.4.5 Outputmatchconsiderations 101
2.5 NoiseinRFcircuits 102
2.5.1 ReviewofnoisesourcesinRFsystems 102
2.5.2 Two-portnoiseparameterdefinitions 106
2.6 Availablegaindesigntechnique 107
2.6.1 Availablegaindesignoutline 108
2.6.2 Low-noiseamplifierdesignconsiderations 110
2.6.3 Illustrativeexample:designofasingle-ended1.9-GHzLNA 111
2.6.4 Balancedamplifiers 114
2.6.5 Illustrativeexample:designofabalancedLNAforthe1.7-
to2.3-GHzfrequencyrange 116
2.7 ComparisonofthevariousamplifierdesignsandSmithchart–
basedgraphicaldesignaids 121
2.8 Broadbandamplifiers 123
2.8.1 Reactivematch/mismatchapproach 124
2.8.2 Dissipativemismatchatinputand/oroutputports 125
2.8.3 Amplifier-equalizercombinations 129
2.8.4 Feedbackamplifiers 129
2.8.5 Distributedamplifiers 141
2.9 Summary 142
2.10 Problems 143
References 144
Selectedbibliography 145
CONTENTS ix
3 ActiveRFdevicesandtheirmodeling 147
3.1 Thediodemodel 148
3.2 Two-portdevicemodels 150
3.2.1 Theoutputterminalsofatwo-portRFdevice 150
3.2.2 Thebipolartransistor 153
3.2.3 Theheterojunctionbipolartransistor 173
3.2.4 TheGaAsMESFET 177
3.2.5 Thehigh-electronmobilitytransistor 184
3.2.6 SiliconLDMOSandCMOStechnologies 187
3.3 Problems 190
References 190
4 Nonlinearcircuitsimulationtechniques 193
4.1 Classificationofnonlinearcircuitsimulators 193
4.1.1 Analyticalmethods 194
4.1.2 Time-domainmethods 194
4.1.3 Hybridtime-andfrequency-domaintechniques—
harmonicbalance 197
4.1.4 Frequency-domaintechniques 200
4.2 Theharmonicbalancemethod 202
4.3 Harmonicbalanceanalysisofoscillators 207
4.3.1 Oscillatoranalysisusingprobes 208
4.3.2 Oscillatoranalysisusingreflectioncoefficientsofthe
deviceandresonantload 209
4.3.3 Oscillatoranalysisusingadirectionalcouplertomeasure
open-loopgain 214
References 215
5 High-powerRFtransistoramplifierdesign 217
5.1 Nonlinearconcepts 217
5.1.1 Somenonlinearphenomena 220
5.2 Quasi-linearpoweramplifierdesign 223
5.2.1 Theamplifierloadline 224
5.2.2 Loadpullmethods 232
5.3 Categoriesofamplifiers 243
5.3.1 Class-Aamplifier 243
5.3.2 Class-Bamplifier 248
5.3.3 Class-Famplifier 257
5.3.4 Comparisonofclass-A,class-B,class-F,andother
operationalmodes 265
5.3.5 Switching-modeamplifiers 271
5.3.6 Cascadedpoweramplifierdesign 278
