Practical Reservoir Engineering and Characterization

535 Pages·2015·58.152 MB·English

by  Richard O. Baker, Harvey W. Yarranton, Jerry Jensen

Practical Reservoir Engineering
and Characterization
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Practical Reservoir
Engineering and
Characterization
Richard O. Baker
Independent Consultant
Harvey W. Yarranton
Department of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
Jerry L. Jensen
Department of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
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Dedications
To my family, my friends, and to God . R.B.
Tomyfamilyandthemanycolleagueswhoinspiredthework.H.W.Y.
To the glory of God and to my parents, Jean, Jim, and Mary . J. L. J.
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Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview ofReservoir Engineering 5
1.2 Reservoir Classifications 10
1.3 General Workflow forReservoirCharacterization 25
1.4 Approachand Purpose of ThisBook 30
Part One Basic Reservoir Engineering Principles 33
2 Rock and Fluid Properties 35
2.1 Petroleum Geology 35
2.2 RockProperties 40
2.3 Rock–Fluid Interactions 45
2.4 Typesof ReservoirFluids 54
2.5 Reservoir Fluid Properties 57
3 Basic Reservoir Engineering Calculations 67
3.1 Reservoir Volumetrics 67
3.2 Reservoir Material Balance 69
3.3 Steady-State Flow Through Porous Media 73
3.4 TransientFlow Through Porous Media 83
Part Two Reservoir Data Analysis 93
4 PoolHistory 95
4.1 Well History 95
4.2 ProductionHistory 109
5 Fluid Properties (PVT Data) 119
5.1 Fluid Property Assays and Studies 120
5.2 Analysis ofa Black OilDataset 137
5.3 Correlations forFluid Data 143
viii Contents
5.4 Sources of Error and Corrections for Black OilFluid Data 155
5.5 Properties of Unconventional Fluids 156
6 Pressure and Flow Test Data 163
6.1 Pressure Measurements 163
6.2 Pressure TransientTests ofOil Wells 171
6.3 PreparationofPool PressureHistory 184
6.4 Flow Tests 188
6.5 OtherTests–Interference, Pulse, andTracer Tests 195
7 Conventional Core Analysis–Rock Properties 197
7.1 CoreSampling and Errors 197
7.2 Conventional Core Data 199
7.3 Analyzing Conventional Core Data 211
7.4 RockCompressibilityandthe Effect of Overburden Pressure 227
7.5 Formation Resistivity 233
8 Special Core Analysis—Rock–Fluid Interactions 239
8.1 Relative Permeability 240
8.2 Measurementof Relative Permeability 245
8.3 Analyzing RelativePermeability Data 248
8.4 Two-Phase Relative Permeability Correlations 258
8.5 Three-Phase Relative Permeability Correlations 268
8.6 Guidelines forDetermining Endpoints 271
8.7 Capillary Pressure 276
8.8 Measurementof Capillary Pressure 277
8.9 Analyzing Capillary Pressure Data 279
9 OpenholeWell Logs—Log Interpretation Basics 297
9.1 Openhole Logging 298
9.2 Typesof Openhole Log 299
9.3 BasicLog Interpretation 321
9.4 Comparison ofLog and CorePorosity 334
9.5 Net Pay Cutoffs 338
Part Three Reservoir Characterization 345
10 Reservoir Characterization Methods 349
10.1 DataReconciliation 350
10.2 Reservoir Mapping 360
10.3 Volumetrics 376
10.4 Analysis ofWell, Production, and PressureHistory 384
10.5 Material Balance 407
Contents ix
11 The Practice of Reservoir Characterization 435
11.1 Overview ofCharacterization 437
11.2 CharacterizationWorkflow 439
11.3 Reservoir Classification 442
11.4 Case Studies 460
References 495
Index 505