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Practical Flatfish Culture and Stock Enhancement
Practical Flatfish Culture and Stock Enhancement Edited by H.V. Daniels and W.O. Watanabe
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 978-0-813-80942-7
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Practical Flatfish Culture
and Stock Enhancement
Editors
H.V. Daniels and W.O. Watanabe
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Editionfirstpublished2010
(cid:1)C 2010BlackwellPublishing
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Practicalflatfishcultureandstockenhancement/editors,H.V.
Daniels,W.O.Watanabe.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-8138-0942-7(hardback:alk.paper)
1.Flatfishes I.Daniels,H.V.(HarryV.) II.Watanabe,WadeO.
SH167.F55P732010
639.3(cid:2)769–dc22
2009050270
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheU.S.LibraryofCongress.
(cid:1)
Setin10/12.5ptSabonbyAptaraR Inc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedinSingapore
1 2010
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Contents
Contributors x
USASPreface xv
Preface xvii
HarryV.DanielsandWadeO.Watanabe
Acknowledgments xix
Section1:NorthandSouthAmericaCulture
1 HalibutaquacultureinNorthAmerica 3
NickBrown
1.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 3
1.2 Broodstock 5
1.3 Biosecurity 5
1.4 Photothermalconditioning 7
1.5 Monitoringgonaddevelopment 7
1.6 Larvalculture 11
1.7 Potentialforstockenhancement 17
1.8 Growout 17
1.9 Productioneconomics 21
1.10 Summary:industryconstraintsandfutureexpectations 22
2 CultureofChileanflounder 30
AlfonsoSilva
2.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 30
2.2 Broodstockhusbandry 34
2.3 Larvalculture 38
2.4 Weaningandnurserycultureandgrowout 40
2.5 Growout 41
2.6 Needsforfutureresearch 43
3 Californiahalibut 46
DouglasE.ConklinandRaulPiedrahita
3.1 Broodstockculture 47
3.2 Spawning 48
3.3 Larvalrearing 50
3.4 Juvenileculture 53
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vi Contents
3.5 Density 56
3.6 Commercialtrials 57
4 Cultureofsummerflounder 65
DavidBengtsonandGeorgeNardi
4.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 65
4.2 Broodstockhusbandry 67
4.3 Larvalculture 68
4.4 Nurserycultureandgrowout 73
4.5 Summary 76
5 Cultureofsouthernflounder 82
HarryDaniels,WadeO.Watanabe,RyanMurashige,
ThomasLosordo,andChristopherDumas
5.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 82
5.2 Broodstockhusbandry 83
5.3 Larviculture 88
5.4 Growout 89
5.5 Diseases 95
5.6 Marketing 95
5.7 Hatcheryeconomics 96
5.8 Productioneconomics 96
5.9 Summary:industryconstraintsandfutureexpectations 98
5.10 Conclusions 98
6 Cultureofwinterflounder 101
ElizabethA.Fairchild
6.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 101
6.2 Broodstockhusbandry 102
6.3 Larvalculture 108
6.4 Nurserycultureandgrowout 112
6.5 Growout 116
6.6 Summary 116
Section2:EuropeCulture
7 Turbotculture 125
JeanninePerson-LeRuyet
7.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 125
7.2 Broodstockhusbandry 126
7.3 Hatcheryculture 128
7.4 Nurserycultureandtransitiontogrowout 132
7.5 Growout 133
7.6 Harvesting,processing,andmarketing 135
7.7 Productioneconomics 136
7.8 Summary:industryconstraintsandfuture
expectations 137
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Contents vii
Section3:AsiaandAustraliaCulture
8 CultureofJapaneseflounder 143
TadahisaSeikai,KotaroKikuchi,andYuichiroFujinami
8.1 Aquacultureproduction 143
9 Cultureofoliveflounder:Koreanperspective 156
SungchulC.BaiandSeunghyungLee
9.1 CurrentstatusofoliveflounderinKorea 156
9.2 Basicbiologyandecology 157
9.3 Nutritionandfeeding 162
9.4 Futureissuesandneedsfordevelopment 166
10 Cultureofgreenbackflounder 169
PiersR.Hart
10.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 169
10.2 Broodstockhusbandry 170
10.3 Systemdesignandrequirements 170
10.4 Photothermalconditioning 170
10.5 Monitoringgonaddevelopment 170
10.6 Dietandnutrition 171
10.7 Controlledspawning 171
10.8 Collectionofeggsandeggincubation 172
10.9 Larvalculture 174
10.10 Hatcheryprotocols 174
10.11 Waterquality 175
10.12 Foodandfeeding 177
10.13 Formulatedfeeds 177
10.14 Hatcheryeconomics 178
10.15 Geneticsforcultureversusenhancement 178
10.16 Nurserycultureandgrowout 179
10.17 Environmentalconditions 179
10.18 Dietandnutrition 180
10.19 Healthissues 180
10.20 Stockingandsplitting 181
10.21 Marketing 181
10.22 Productioneconomics 182
10.23 Summary:industryconstraintsandfutureexpectations 182
11 Cultureofturbot:Chineseperspective 185
Ji-LinLeiandXin-FuLiu
11.1 Introduction 185
11.2 Broodstockhusbandry 185
11.3 Larvalculture 190
11.4 Nurserycultureandgrowout 193
11.5 Growout 196
11.6 Summary:industryconstraintsandfutureexpectations 200
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viii Contents
Section4:NorthandSouthAmericaStockEnhancement
12 Stockenhancementofsouthernandsummerflounder 205
JohnM.Miller,RobertVega,andYohYamashita
12.1 Introduction 205
12.2 Previouswork 206
12.3 Rationaleforstocking 206
12.4 Likelihoodstockingwouldincreaseproduction 207
12.5 Managementchangestosupportstockingefforts 209
12.6 Potentialrisksandrewardsofstocking 209
12.7 Issuesthatneedresolutionbeforestockingisimplemented 210
12.8 Hatcheryandstockingprotocolstoincreasesuccess 210
12.9 Socioeconomicaspects 211
12.10 Whoshouldpay? 212
12.11 Conclusion 212
Section5:EuropeStockEnhancement
13 StockenhancementEurope:turbotPsettamaxima 219
JosianneG.StøttrupandC.R.Sparrevohn
13.1 Introduction 219
13.2 Turbotproduction 220
13.3 Turbotstocking 221
13.4 Rationaleforturbotstocking 221
13.5 Originoffishforstocking 224
13.6 Markingandtaggingtechniques 224
13.7 Releaseprocedures 225
13.8 Choiceofreleasesite/habitat 226
13.9 Releasestrategyandmagnitudeofrelease 227
13.10 Postreleasemortalityandconditioning 228
13.11 Cost–benefitofthereleases 232
13.12 Perspectives 232
13.13 Acknowledgments 233
Section6:AsiaStockEnhancement
14 StockenhancementofJapaneseflounderinJapan 239
YohYamashitaandMasatoAritaki
14.1 Background 239
14.2 Summaryofcatchandstockenhancementdatafor
Japaneseflounder 240
14.3 Releasestrategy 241
14.4 Evaluationoftheeffectivenessofthestockenhancement 248
14.5 Futureperspectives 251
14.6 Acknowledgments 251
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Contents ix
Section7:FlatfishWorldwide
15 Diseasediagnosisandtreatment 259
EdwardJ.Noga,StephenA.Smith,andOddvarH.Ottesen
15.1 Generalsignsofdisease 259
15.2 Viraldiseases 260
15.3 Bacterialdiseases 265
15.4 Parasiticandothereukaryoticdiseases 268
15.5 Noninfectiousdiseases 272
15.6 Healthmanagementinflatfishaquaculture 278
16 Flatfishasmodelresearchanimals:metamorphosisandsex
determination 286
RussellJ.Borski,JohnAdamLuckenbach,andJohnGodwin
16.1 Metamorphosis 287
16.2 Sexdetermination 293
16.3 Conclusionandfutureresearchdirections 298
16.4 Acknowledgments 299
17 Behavioralqualityofflatfishforstockenhancement 303
JohnSeldenBurkeandRejiMasuda
17.1 Behavioralqualityandthehatcheryenvironment 304
17.2 Tacticsforreducingtheimpactofbehavioraldeficits 307
17.3 Lifehistoryconsiderations 308
17.4 Environmentalenrichment 308
17.5 Nutritionalfactorsandforaging 312
17.6 Predatoravoidance 313
17.7 Behavioralindicators 316
17.8 Conclusionandrecommendations 317
18 Summaryandconclusions 323
WadeO.WatanabeandHarryDaniels
18.1 Lifehistoryandbiology 323
18.2 Broodstockhusbandry 325
18.3 Monitoringgonaddevelopment 329
18.4 Larvalculture 331
18.5 Waterquality 332
18.6 Nurseryculture 340
18.7 Growout 343
18.8 Harvesting,processing,andmarketing 350
18.9 Industrystatus 353
18.10 Summary:industryconstraintsandfutureexpectations 354
Index 358
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Contributors
MasatoAritaki
NationalCenterforStockEnhancement
FisheriesResearchAgency
SakiyamaMiyako,Iwate
Japan
SungchulC.Bai
DepartmentofAquaculture/Feedsand
FoodsNutritionResearchCenter(FFNRC)
PukyongNat’lUniversity
Busan,RepublicofKorea
DavidBengtson
DepartmentofFisheries,AnimalandVeterinaryScience
UniversityofRhodeIsland
Kingston,RI
RussellJ.Borski
DepartmentofBiology
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
Raleigh,NC
NickBrown
CenterforCooperativeAquacultureResearch
UniversityofMaine
Franklin,ME
JohnSeldenBurke
CenterforCoastalFisheriesandHabitatResearch
NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration
Beafort,NC
DouglasConklin
DepartmentofAnimalScience
UCDavis
Davis,CA
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Contributors xi
HarryDaniels
DepartmentofBiology
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
Raleigh,NC
ChristopherDumas
UniversityofNorthCarolinaWilmington
Wilmington,NC
ElizabethA.Fairchild
DepartmentofZoology
UniversityofNewHampshire
Durham,NH
YuichiroFujinami
MiyakoStation
NationalCenterforStockEnhancement
FisheriesResearchAgency
Sakiyama,Miyako,Iwate
Japan
JohnGodwin
DepartmentofBiology
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
Raleigh,NC
PiersR.Hart
Lewes,EastSussex,BN
KotaroKikuchi
BiologicalEnvironmentSector
EnvironmentalScienceResearchLaboratory
CRIEPI
Tokyo,Japan
SeunghyungLee
DepartmentofFisheriesBiology
PukyongNationalUniversity
Daeyeondong,Namgu
Busan,RepublicofKorea
Ji-LinLei
YellowSeaFisheriesResearchInstitute
ChineseAcademyofFisherySciences
Qingdao,Shandong
People’sRepublicofChina
