Table Of ContentPozzolanic and
Cementitious Materials
Advances in Concrete Technology
A series edited by V. M. Malhotra
Advanced Concrete Technology Program, CANMET
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
This series will consist of approximately ten short, shaiply focused
tracts, each one covering one of the many aspects of concrete technolo
gy: materials, construction, and testing. The goal of this series is to pro
vide a convenient, practical, and current source on concrete technology
for practicing civil and structural engineers, concrete technologists,
manufacturers suppliers, and contractors involved in construction and
maintenance of concrete structures.
Volume 1
Pozzolanic and Cementitious Materials
V. M. Malhotra and P. Kumar Mehta
In Preparation
Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete
R. C. Joshi and R. P. Lohtia
Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Colin D. Johnston
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Marc-Andr6 B6rub6 and Benoit Fournier
Pozzolanic and
Cementitious Materials
V. M. Malhotra
Advanced Concrete Technology, CANMET
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
and
P. Kumar Mehta
University of California at Berkeley
USA
(cl* CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
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Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Malhotra, V. M.
Pozzolanic and Cementitious Materials. -
(Advances in Concrete Technology, ISSN
1024-5308; Vol. 1)
I. Tide II. Mehta, P. K. HI. Series
624.1833
CONTENTS
Preface ix
1. INTRODUCTION 1
Definitions 1
History of Development 2
Benefits from the Use of Mineral Admixtures 4
2. PRODUCTION, SOURCES,
AND UTILIZATION 7
Mineral Admixtures from Natural Sources 7
Coal Ashes 9
Metallurgical Slags 11
Silica Fume 12
Rice-Husk Ash 13
3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS 15
Chemical Composition 15
Mineralogical Composition 21
Particle Characteristics 25
4. MECHANISMS BY WHICH MINERAL
ADMIXTURES IMPROVE PROPERTIES
OF CONCRETE 35
Water-Reducing Effect of Mineral Admixtures 35
Rheological Behavior of Concrete 37
Strength, Water-Tightness, and Chemical
Durability 39
Resistance to Thermal Cracking 41
vi Contents
5. EFFECT OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES
ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE 45
Water Demand 45
Air Entrainment 49
Bleeding 54
Setting Time 59
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Fresh Concrete 67
6. EFFECT OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES
ON PROPERTIES OF HARDENED
CONCRETE 69
Colour 69
Compressive Strength 70
Flexural Strength 89
Bond Strength 89
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity 91
Creep 93
Drying Shrinkage 95
Temperature Rise and Thermal Shrinkage 103
7. CONCRETE INCORPORATING MINERAL
ADMIXTURES: DURABILITY ASPECTS 111
Permeability 112
Carbonation 117
Sulphate Resistance and Acid Resistance 119
Durability of Concrete to Repeated Cycles of
Freezing and Thawing 132
Fire Resistance 148
Alkali-aggregate Reactivity 149
Abrasion Resistance 153
8. SELECTION OF MATERIALS AND
MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 157
Contents vii
9. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS 161
Fly Ash 162
Natural Pozzolans 167
Iron Blast-Furnace Slag 168
Silica Fume 170
Proposal for a Single Standard for all Mineral
Admixtures 171
References 173
Index 189
PREFACE
Portland-cement concrete is the most widely used construction
material today. From massive dams to elegant reinforced and
prestressed buildings, concrete finds application in a variety of
structures. Compared to metals, ceramics, and polymeric ma
terials, concrete is always less expensive, possesses adequate
strength and durability, and requires less energy to produce.
The energy associated with the production of a typical con
crete mixture can be reduced even further. Portland cement is
the most energy-intensive component of a concrete mixture,
whereas pozzolanic and cementitious by-products from ther
mal power production and metallurgical operations require
little or no expenditure of energy. Therefore, as a cement sub
stitute, typically from 20% to 60% cement replacement by
mass, the use of such by-products in the cement and concrete
industry can result in substantial energy savings.
Concrete mixtures containing pozzolanic and cementitious
materials exhibit superior durability to thermal cracking and
aggressive chemicals This explains the increasing worldwide
trend toward utilization of pozzolanic and cementitious materi
als either in the form of blended portland cements or as direct
additions to portland-cement concrete during the mixing op
eration.
The authors believe that in the future, further increases in
the utilization of pozzolanic and cementitious materials in con
crete will come from the realization of ecological benefits
associated with such usage. The total amount of pozzolanic
and cementitious by-products generated by the industry world
wide every year exceeds 500 million tonnes. Many of the by
products contain toxic elements which can be hazardous if not
