Table Of Content-
AshokMuzumdar (Editor)
Powered UpperLimb Prostheses
Control.lrnplernentatlon
andClinicalApplication
-
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Ashok Muzumdar
(Editor)
MB,BS,FRCPC,FACP,AFCASI,DAAPM,LM
Powered Upper
Limb Prostheses
Control, Implementation
and Clinical Application
With 154Figuresand 11Tables
i
Springer
TSBN 978-3-642-62302-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Muzumdar, Ashok, 1940- . Powered upper limb prosthesesl
Ashok Muzumdar. p.j cm. Includes bibliographical references
Ashok Muzumdar
andindex.
Ottawa, Canada
ISBN 978-3-642-62302-8 ISBN 978-3-642-18812-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18812-1 l.Arti
ficiallimbs. 2. Myoelectric prosthesis. 3. Prosthesis. 4. Human
engineering. 5. Amputees-Rehabilitation. I. Title. [DNLM: 1.
Artificial Limbs. 2. Arm. 3. Prosthesis Design. WE 172 M994p
2004] RD756.M892004 617.5'7403-dc22
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Preface
Powered Upper Limb Prostheses represents, in my children, adolescents and adults. The clinical chap
view,a concise yet comprehensivebookon the sub tersdealwiththeprevalence,psychosocialissuesand
jectofmyoelectrically controlledexternallypowered outcomespertainingtoupperlimbdeficienciesalong
prosthesesforbothchildandadultupperlimbampu with assessment and prosthetic fitting of paediatric
tees.It isa natural successor to the series of mono and adult amputees. This is followed by training
graphs on myoelectric prostheses produced by the which includes the pre- and post-prosthetic phases
Institute of Biomedical Engineering and published andsubsequentrehabilitativecare.Thebookreviews
by the UniversityofNewBrunswick in Canada.The the currentresearchonthe subject and examines the
UNBmonographs have been out of print for some future ofmyoelectric upperextremityprosthetics.It
years now.Therefore, this bodyofwork on powered concludeswithabibliographywhichisinadditionto
upperlimb prostheses not only fillsthatvoid but, in the suggestedreadingand references providedatthe
addition,provides newand updated information on endofthe chapters.
the many facets of powered prostheses for patients Whilethere isgeneral consensus among academ
with upperlimblossor absence. icsand practitionersonthe manyaspects ofpowered
There are various factors thatdetermine the suc upperlimbprosthesesinchildrenandadults,insome
cessofthe application,fitand function ofapowered centresprevailingphilosophyand practices maydif
upperlimbprosthesis.Selectingthe appropriatepre fer from those outlined in this book by various au
scription for any patient,client or user requires the thors.In orderto presentabroadspectrumofview
knowledge,experienceand skillsofamultidisciplin pointsinabalancedmanner,thisbookbringstogeth
ary team of professionals. Expertise for such a spe er authors who are experienced practitioners, aca
cializedamputeeclinicteamcomesfromawidevari demics and researchers in the field from Canada,
ety ofspecialities and sub-specialities ofhealth care GreatBritain and the UnitedStates.Thebibliography
and engineering. allowsthe readerto pursuetheirown ideas and fur
The flowpattern ofthe bookfollowsthe philoso thertheirsearchonspecifictopicsofinteresttothem.
phyofinformingthe reader ofthe past, present and This book should serve as a foundation for stu
future ofpoweredupperlimbprostheses.Thetextbe dents aswellasaresource forprofessionals inrelated
gins with a historical perspective followed by basic disciplines of engineering and medicine. It is my
muscle anatomyand electrophysiologyaswellasthe hope that theconfluenceofinformationpresentedby
origins, acquisition and processing of the myoelec thecontributingauthorsofthisbookwillprovide the
tric signal.Withtheintentionofremainingunbiased, knowledge forthose involvedinthe fieldofpowered
analysis ismade ofthe commerciallyavailablecom upperlimbprostheticstoprogresswellintothetwen
ponents for upper extremity prostheses for young ty-firstcentury.
AshokMuzumdar
Disclaimer
Whiletheadviceand informationinthisbookarebe
lievedtobe true and accurate atthe time ofsubmis
sion forpublication,neitherthe authors nor the edi
tor and publisher can accept anylegalresponsibility
for anyerrors or omissions made in any part ofthis
book.Thematerialpresentedinthisvolumeisnotin
tended to represent the only method or application
appropriateforthe medical situations discussed, but
ratherisintendedtopresentanapproach,viewpoint,
statementor opinionofthe authoror authors,which
maybe helpful tootherswho encountersimilarclin
icalsituations.
Theopinionsexpressed,suggestionsmadeandad
vicegiveninthis bookarethose ofthe respectiveau
thor or authors and not necessarily those ofthe edi
tor or the publisher. The publisher and the editor
makenowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto
anymaterialcontainedherein.
Table of Contents
The EarlyHistoryofMyoelectricControl
Chapter 1
ofProstheticLimbs (1945-1970) .
Chapter2 TheOriginsand Nature
oftheMyoelectricSignal . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Signalsand Signal Processing
Chapter3
forMyoelectricControl . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter4 Commercial Hardwareforthe
ImplementationofMyoelectricControl . . 55
Chapter5 MeetingtheClients:AnOverview
Focuson Prevalence,PsychosocialIssues,
Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chapter6 Powered UpperLimbProsthetic
Practice in Paediatrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter7 Powered UpperLimbProsthetics
in Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Chapter8 Training 147
Chapter9 Researchand theFuture
ofMyoelectricProsthetics 175
Chapter 10 ABibliographyon MyoelectricControl
ofUpperLimb Prostheses . . . . . . . . . . 191
Index 205
Contributing Authors
Randall D.Alley BSc,CP,FAAOP Winfried Heim CP(c)
ClinicalResearchandBusinessDevelopment ProstheticandMyoelectricServices
UpperExtremityProstheticProgram,HPO,Inc BloorviewMacMillanChildren'sCentre
ThousandOakes,California,USA Toronto,Ontario,Canada
RobertR.Caldwell DipEEng,CET SheilaA.HubbardBScPT,OTReg(Ont)
Manager,InstituteofBio-MedicalEngineering Manager,AmputeeTeam
UniversityofNewBrunswick BloorviewMacMillanChildren'sCentre
Fredericton,NewBrunswick,Canada Toronto,Ontario,Canada
PaulH.ChappellBSc,PhD,CEng,MIEE, PeterJ.Kyberd BSc,MSc,PhD
MIPEM,ILTM Lecturer,CyberneticsDepartment
Lecturer,MedicalEngineering,Electronics UniversityofReading
andComputerScience Whiteknights,Reading,Berkshire,UK
UniversityofSouthampton
Southampton,UK DennisF.Lovely BSc,PhD,PEng
Professor,Dept.ofElectrical
ShaneGlasford CP(c) andComputingEngineering
ProstheticandMyoelectricServices UniversityofNewBrunswick
BloorviewMacMillanChildren'sCentre Fredericton,NewBrunswick,Canada
Toronto,Ontario,Canada
LindaMcLean BSc(PT),MScE,PhD
DavidGow BScHons,CEng,SRCS AssistantProfessor,PhysicalTherapy
Director,RehabilitationEngineeringServices, SchoolofRehabilitationTherapy
LothianPrimaryCareNHSTrust Queen'sUniversity
EasternGeneralHospital Kingston,Ontario,Canada
Edinburgh,Scotland,UK
GertMontgomeryBScN,MSW,RSW
HannaHeger BA,OTReg(Ont) SocialWorker&ProfessionalAdvisor
St.John'sRehabilitationHospitaland forSocialWork,
SunnybrookCentreforIndependent Living Chaplaincy& CreativeArtsService
Toronto,Ontario,Canada BloorviewMacMillanChildren'sCentre
Toronto,Ontario,Canada
ContributingAuthors
StephenNaumann PhD,PEng Harold H.SearsBS,MS,PhD
Director,RehabilitationEngineeringDepartment GeneralManager
BloorviewMacMillanChildren'sCentre MotionControlInc
Toronto,Ontario,Canada SaltLakeCity,Utah, USA
Sandra Ramdial CP(c) HeatherSmartBA,Dip Lib,MIInfSc
Manager,CustomSilicone Services, InformationOfficer,RECALInformationServices
Otto Bock NationalCentrefor TrainingandEducation
Oakville, Ontario,Canada in ProstheticsandOrthotics
UniversityofStrathclyde
Robert N.Scott BSc,DSc,PEng Glasgow,Scotland,UK
ProfessorEmeritus
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering Dinah Stocker MEd,BScOT
Universityof NewBrunswick InstituteofBio-MedicalEngineering
Fredericton,NewBrunswick,Canada UniversityofNewBrunswick
Fredericton,NewBrunswick,Canada
Chapter 1
The Early History
of Myoelectric Control
of Prosthetic Limbs
(1945-1970)
L.McLean· R.N.Scott
Contents Summary
1.1 Introduction 1 Thischapter tracesthedevelopmentof myoelectric
1.2 TheBeginningsofMyoelectricControl 2 control of prosthetic arms from its conception in
1.3 NationalBeginningsofMyoelectricProsthetics . 3 post-war Germany through its popular acclaim in
1.3.1 TheUnitedKingdom 3
"bionic arms"toward itsacceptanceasaroutineand
1.3.2 TheUSSR . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
valid option for many arm amputees.Separateand
1.3.3 TheUnited States 4
1.3.4 Austria 4 apparently unrelated conceptions of myoelectric
1.3.5 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 control in Germany,the United Kingdom,the USSR,
1.3.6 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 theUSAandCanadaarefollowedwithparticularat
1.3.7 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
tention tothegradualachievement ofcollaborative
1.3.8 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ties researchand the even slower development of
1.3.9 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 CollaborationinMyoelectricControlsResearch . 6 commercial productsforclinicalapplication.Theim
1.5 DevelopmentsinMyoelectricControl . . . . . .. 7 pact of wars,epidemics and world political climate
1.5.1 TheUnited Kingdom 7
upon this activity is noted. The chapter is written
1.5.2 TheUnitedStates 7
from the perspective of one of the authors (RNSI,
1.5.3 Yugoslavia . .. .... . .. • .... . . . . 10
1.5.4 Canada ......•....... . ...... 10 who directedaprogram of myoelectric controls re
1.5.5 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 searchatthe Instituteof Biomedical Engineering at
1.6 Discussion 12 the University of New Brunswick,Fredericton, NB,
References .....•....... ...... .. . . . . . 13
Canadathrough this period andisbasedonacare
ful review of the extensivecollectionof relevant lit
eratureheldattheInstitute,muchofwhichisunpub
lishedorhashadonlyaveryrestricted circulation.
1.1 Introduction
The concept of a myoelectric prosthesis is simple.
The electrical activity naturally generated by con
tracting muscle in a residual limb is amplified,pro
cessedand usedtocontroltheflowofelectricityfrom
abatterytoamotor,whichoperates anartificiallimb.
Howeverthedesign ofaclinicallyusefulmyoelec
tric prosthesis is extremely difficult.The prosthesis
must be comfortable, must work reliably and must
have a natural appearance both at rest and during
functional activities. Inaddition,asnotedbyWeiner
A. Muzumdar (ed.), Powered Upper Limb Prostheses
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
