Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers Design: Proceedings of the International Workshop, Held in Lille, France, May 26 and 27, 1987

254 Pages·1988·13.116 MB·English

by  B. Tocquet (auth.), Dr. Bernard Hamonic, Dr. Jean N. Decarpigny (eds.)

Power Sonic and
Ultrasonic Transducers Design
Power Sonic and
Ultrasonic
Transducers Design
Proceedings of the International Workshop,
Held in Lille, France, May 26 and 27, 1987
Editors: B. Hamonic and J. N. Decarpigny
With 222 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Dr. Bernard Hamonic
Dr.Jean N.Decarpigny
Acoustics Laboratory, I. S. E. N., 41 bd. Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
Scientific Committee
B. Tocquet, Program Chairman, Thomson Sintra ASM, Valbonne, France.
O. B. Wilson, US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
D. Boucher, GERDSM, DCAN, Toulon, France.
J. N. Decarpigny, ISEN, Lille, France.
Organizing Committee
B. Hamonic, ISEN, Lille, France.
J. C. Debus, ISEN, Lille, France.
P. Tierce, Sinaptec, Lille, France.
J. N. Decarpigny, ISEN, Lille, France.
The sponsorships from:
-Direction des Recherches, Etudes et Techniques (DRET),
-Nord - Pas de Calais Regional Council,
-Thomson Sintra ASM,
-Sinaptec,
-Institut Superieur d'Electronique du Nord (IS EN),
as well as the help from the Societe Franc;:aise d'Acoustique (SFA) are greatly acknowl
edged.
ISBN-13 : 978-3-642-73265-2 e-ISBN -13: 978-3-642-73263-8
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-73263-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Power sonic and ultrasonic transducers design:
proceedings of the international workshop, held in Lille, France, May 26 and 27, 1987/editors, B. Hamonic
and J. N. Decarpigny. "Procceedings of the International Workshop on the Design of Power Sonic and
Ultrasonic Transducers ... held in the 'Maison de I'entreprise et des technologies nouvelles: Marcq en
Baroeul, near Lille, France, on May 26 and 27, 1987" -Pref.lncludes index. 1. Electroacoustic transducers
Congresses. I. Hamonic, B. (Bernard), 1948-. II. Decarpigny, J.N. (Jean-Noj!l), 1958-. III. International
Workshop on the Desing of Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers (1987: Lille, France). TK5981.
P69 1988 621.38'028' 2-dc19 87-37655
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
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2153/3150-543210
Welcome Speech
On behalf of the Institut Superieur d'Electronique du Nord, I wish to welcome you
to the Lille metropolis. I hope that, with the complicity of the weather, you will
have a pleasant stay. We are receiving you in the Maison de l'Entreprise et des
Technologies Nouvelles, the METN, which was recently inaugurated. Thus, this
Workshop will be held in the best possible conditions, and I seize the opportunity
to thank the Board of the METN and the Maison des Professions for having
accepted to put these premises at our disposal. We also wish to extend our
thanks to the Nord-Pas de Calais Regional Council and its President for the
financial support they have given us. As the occasion arises, I remind you that the
Regional Council has from its origin sided with research, helping with investment
in laboratories at a level without any counterpart in France.
Other important partners in this operation are the DRET (Direction des
Recherches, Etudes et Techniques) and the GERDSM -DCAN TOULON (Groupe
d'Etudes et de Recherches en Detection Sous Marine). I must say that when in
1976 they entrusted ISEN with their first low frequency acoustic studies, they
undoubtedly contributed to the emergence of a research team associated to the
CNRS, whose pivot, as everybody knows, is J.N. Decarpigny.
As you know the Institut Superieur d'Electronique du Nord is an engineering
school created in 1956 by Norbert Segard. Since its birth it has always been
concerned with developing research laboratories so as to guarantee the quality of
the teaching given to its engineering students. With time and the aid of success,
it wishes to contribute even more to the economic development of this region
through its laboratories, its engineers, and the firms that have been founded
under its impetus. Such was the case of Leanord in 1963, then of Velec and now
of Slice and Sinaptec. Besides, the latter must be associated with the success of
this Workshop.
Last, but not least, the presence in this Workshop of well-known foreign
scientists gives me the opportunity of greeting them warmly and of seeing in their
participation a strong international interest. The importance and the quality of
their papers ensure the complete success for this Workshop.
It is with great pleasure that I now hand over to my friend B. Tocquet,
responsible for the Thomson Sintra acoustic activities, who has talmn it upon
himself to preside over this Workshop.
Lille, F!'ance P. Astier
May 26,1987 Director of ISEN-Recherche
v
Preface
This volume contains the Proceedings of the International Workshop on the
Design of Power Sonic and Ultrasonic Transducers, which was held in the
Maison de l'Entreprise et des Technologies Nouvelles, Marcq en Baroeul,
near Lille, France, on May 26 and 27, 1987.
The main objective of this Workshop was to discuss all aspects of high
power problems in the design of electroacoustic transducers and to stimulate
an exchange of knowledge and experience between researchers and industrial
ists involved in this multidisciplinary field. The scientific program included 13
invited contributions, and there were 80 participants from England, France,
Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United States.
The editors wish to thank the authors and attendees for their active par
ticipation, and they hope that these Proceedings will allow readers to share
in the stimulating atmosphere of the sessions. They also wish to thank eve
ryone who undertook simultaneous translation, clerical work, typing of the
Proceedings, production of the illustrations, or any other of the numerous
tasks connected with this venture. Special mention has to be made of Mrs.
E. Litton (ISEN, Lille) for her constant and kind help from the beginning of
the project to the very end of the editing, Dr. R. Bossut (ISEN, Lille) for his
efficient proofreading, and Dr. H.U. Daniel (Springer-Verlag) for his interest
in these Proceedings as well as his kind and efficient support.
Lille, France B. Hamonic
October 1987 J.N. Decarpigny
VII
Contents
Introductory Lecture
By B. Tocquet ....................................... 1
1. Power Limitations of Piezoelectric Length Expander Transducers
By O.B. Wilson (With 3 Figures) ......................... 3
2. The Material for Piezoelectric Power Transducers
By L. Eyraud (With 13 Figures) .......................... 10
3. Characterization of Piezoelectric Ceramics for High Power
Transducers
By P. Gonnard, P. Champ, and L. Eyraud (With 14 Figures) 25
4. Highly Magnetostrictive Rare Earth Compounds for High Power
Acoustic Projectors. By A.E. Clark (With 46 Figures) .......... 41
5. Trends and Problems in Low Frequency Sonar Projectors Design
By D. Boucher (With 18 Figures) ......................... 100
6. Frequency, Power and Depth Performances of Class IV
Flextensional Transducers
By J. Oswin and J. Dunn (With 10 Figures) ................. 121
7. Opportunities and Challenges in the Use of Terfenol for Sonar
Transducers. By J.M. Sewell and P.M. Kuhn (With 3 Figures) .... 134
8. Application of the Finite Element Method to the Design of Power
Piezoelectric Sonar Transducers. By B. Hamonic (With 16 Figures) 143
9. Determination of the Power Limits of a High Frequency Transducer
Using the Finite Element Method
By W. Steichen, G. Vanderborck, and Y. Lagier (With 15 Figures) 160
10. High Power Ultrasonic Transducers for Use in Gases and
Interphases. By J .A. Gallego-Juarez (With 10 Figures) .......... 175
11. Design of High Power Ultrasonic Transducers for Use in
Macrosonics. By P. Tierce and J.N. Decarpigny (With 21 Figures) 185
12. Power Electronic Devices for Sonar Systems
By C. Pohlenz (With 36 Figures) .......................... 208
IX
13. The Electronic Driving Sources for Ultrasonic Machining
By B. Thirion (With 17 Figures) .......................... 230
Subject Index ................................. 245
x
Introductory Lecture
B. Tocquet
THOMSON SINTRA Activites Sous Marines, Route des dolines,
Parc d'activite de Valbonne, B.P.38, F-06561 Valbonne Cedex, France
The applications of power electroacoustic transducers are more and more
numerous. We can mention :
- sonars,
- industrial machining, cleaning, welding etc ...
- medical imaging and lithotripting,
- acoustics in air or in diphasic media.
In most of these fields, we have, for a certain time, noticed a pronounced
evolution towards two directions
- broadening of the frequency spectrum, towards very low frequencies for
remote sonar detection as well as towards high frequencies for
acoustic imaging,
increase in the transducers sollicitation, for different reasons :
increase in the power per unit surface (or unit volume) of the active
material, lengthening of the pulse or emitting durations, reduction
of the recurrence.
This evolution poses numerous problems to the emitting system designer, the
most important of which are :
which is the active material best adapted to the problem to be dealt
with?
which is the optimal architecture of the elementary transducer?
- how must these transducers be grouped to obtain the required power and
directivity?
- which type of power emitter must be used?
- how is it possible to optimize the emitting system?
Other difficulties linked to the environment and the operating conditions
can also be added :
- effect of the hydrostatic pressure,
- effect of the temperature variations,
- corrosion,
- sudden variations of the load,
- etc ...
To solve these problems, acoustics, chemistry and electronics specialists
have worked following different ways :
- research of new transducer architectures,
- study of the power limitations inherent to these architectures and the
materials used,
- improvement in the technologies,
- study of the transducer assembling to form arrays and of the
associated interaction problems,
- research of new active materials and improvement of the existing ones,
development of numerical simulation tools using finite elements and
transfer matrix techniques,
- development of power emitters,
- servo-control of matching circuits.
The objective of this workshop,as it has been defined by the organisers is
to approach the problems linked to power electroacoustic transducers design
and to encourage the knowledge and experience exchanges among researchers
and industrialists involved in this multidisciplinary field. The ISEN
acoustics laboratory has had the very good idea of organising this
workshop. This team can be satisfied with the success obtained by this
event, as in spite of the very short time that elapsed between the first
contacts made with the lecturers and the date of the conference, many
eminent European and American representatives are participating.
The papers that are going to be given deal with most of the topics
mentioned previously
- magnetostrictive and piezoelectric active materials,
- power limitations,
- the different possible transducer architectures,
- the mathematical modelling,
- the power electronic devices,
and this for the main applications in industry and sonar. These papers will
be gathered in four sessions of a half day each.
I can judge from the presented abstracts, that these papers should be
very interesting and I wish that the exchanges that will follow will be
very fruitful and enable us to make progress in this field. I think there
still is a long way to go before we entirely master the technology of these
different power transducers, before we really know what the exact
limitations are for all the possible architectures, whatever the frequency
range, so as to be able to specify the characteristics of the ideal
material to the chemists, though remaining reasonable, and to tell the
electronics specialists what the impedances are and above all the impedance
variations they are to expect.
If the dynamic acoustics ISEN team, led with a master hand by J.N.
Decarpigny, is willing to organise another workshop on the same theme, I am
convinced that within a relatively short time, we shall have many
new interesting results to share.
2
1. Power Limitations of Piezoelectric Length
Expander Transducers
O.B. Wilson
Department of Physics, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School,
Monterey, CA 93943, USA
Factors limiting the power output of piezoelectric transducers include
electrical breakdown, mechanical failure, non-linear effects of large
amplitude on material properties, such as the dielectric, elastic and
piezoelectric coefficients, thermal effects and cavitation effects for
transducers radiating into fluid media. A review will be made of the
literature in this subject area. Emphasis will be on how these factors
influence the equivalent circuit models. Where possible, some of the
practical aspects will be presented.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to give a brief review of the various
phenomena which tend to limit the power output of electroacoustic
transducers for sonar or ultrasonic applications. The example chosen is
among the simplest of transducer configurations, the longitudinal vibrator.
It will be further simplified by assuming that the electrically active
element is a piezoelectric ceramic. The attempt will be made to express the
effects of large power drive on equivalent circuit parameters, even though
some of these effects often result in a failure of reciprocity criteria, a
basis for the validity of equivalent electric circuit analysis methods.
The discussion will be presented in two parts. In the first, effects
primarily internal to the transducer are considered and in the second,
those primarily external to the transducer are discussed. Internal effects
are :
a. non-linearity in the electrical, piezoelectric and elastic
properties of the components which arise due to large
amplitudes,
b. mechanical breakdown due to large stresses or fatigue,
c. electrical breakdown due to excessive electrical fields,
d. thermal heating effects on material properties.
External effects are
a. impedance mismatching due to such'effects as cavitation,
b. non-linearities in the medium,
c. radiation impedance anomalies, such as array element
interaction.
3