Table Of ContentPOWER LINE RADIATION AND ITS COUPLING TO
THE IONOSPHERE AND MAGNETOSPHERE
Power Line Radiation
and Its Coupling to
the Ionosphere and
Magnetosphere
Edited by
H. KIKUCHI
Nihon University, Tokyo
Reprinted from
Space Science Reviews, Vol. 35, Nos. 1 and 2
D. Reidel Publishing Company
Dordrecht: Holland / Boston: U.S.A.
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7065-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7063-2
DOl: 10. I 007/978-94-009-7063-2
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Copyright © 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Soflcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1983
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T ABLE OF CONTENTS
(Power Line Radiation and Its Coupling to
the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere)
R. G. STRUZAK / Preface 5
F. L. H. M. <STUMPERS / Introductory Remarks 7
H. G. BOOKER / A Simplified Theory of ELF Propagation in the Earth-Ionosphere
Transmission Line 9
H. KIKUCHI / Overview of Power-Line Radiation and Its Coupling to the
Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 33
A. PILATOWICZ / Radio Noise Level Due to Electric Power Lines and Its
Relation to !rine Design Parameters 43
A. UMBERT, J. FONTAINE, and J. P. PLUMEY / A Computing Model and Its
Experimental Testing for an Evaluation of Electromagnetic Interferences
Created by Interfering Circuits on Transmission or High-Voltage Lines
above a Dissipative Ground 49
H. KIKUCHI / Power Line Transmission and Radiation 59
V. V. KAPITONOV / Assessment of Radio Interference from Power Lines Taking
into Account Their Fluctuations in Time and Space (Abstract) 81
C. POLK / Natural and Man-Made Noise in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity at
Extremely Low Frequencies (Schumann Resonances and Man-Made 'Inter-
ference') 83
A. B. BEHROOZI-TooSI and H. G. BOOKER / Application of a Simplified
Theory of ELF Propagation to a Simplified Worldwide Model of the Ionosphere 91
C. G. PARK, R. A. HELLIWELL, and F. LEFEUVRE / Ground Observations of
Power Line Radiation Coupled to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 131'
A. R. L. TATNALL, J. P. MATTHEWS, K. BULLOUGH, and T. R. KAISER /
Power-Line Harmonic Radiation and the Electron Slot 139
K. BULLOUGH / Satellite Observations of Power Line Harmonic Radiation 175
R. PIRJOLA / Induction in Power Transmission Lines during Geomagnetic
Disturbances 185
W. M. BOERNER, J. B. COLE, W. R. GODDARD, M. Z. TARNAWECKY, L.
SHAFAI, and D. H. HALL / Impacts of Solar and Auroral Storms on Power
Line Systems 195
H. KIKUCHI / Editor's Comments and Acknowledgements 207
3
PREFACE
This special issue of Space Science Reviews contains selected papers on electromagnetic
man-made and natural environmental interactions. Originally these papers were pre
sented at the Fifth International Wrocfaw Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.
Wroclaw (Poland), 17-19 September, 1980, a biennial gathering of scientists and
engineers.
At that time, the symposium organizers selected a few persons of recognized authority
and invited them to organize special sessions. Session organizers were given a free hand
in the choice of topics and speakers.
As a result, several impressive papers originated and a number of interesting people
came to Wroclaw to discuss the recent results of their research. Professor Hiroshi
Kikuchi from the Nihon University (J apan) was among them, serving as one of the most
effective invited session chairmen/organizers at the symposium. The papers presented
here were read at Prof. Kikuchi's session. At the symposium they received considerable
attention not only because of the fascinating personalities and temperaments of the
authors, but mainly because of the timeliness and soundness of their content. Their topic
links both scientific and engineering fields in making attempts to resolve these kinds of
specific hybrid problems. The problems discussed appear to be of interest not only to
the EMC* community but also to a broader forum of persons interested in the areas
of electrical and space science, and engineering in general.
This opinion was confirmed during the URSI** symposium in Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A., on 13 August, 1981, where a session similar to the Wroclaw EMC80 session
was held. '
At these gatherings, and also on other occasions, it was suggested that it would be
beneficial to make the Wroclaw EMC 80 papers available for persons who were not
able to participate. Thus, in line with these thoughts, and in line with a similar suggestion
by D. Reidel Publ. Co., it has been decided to publish them in this issue, together with
some additional papers.
These additional articles were not actually presented at the Wroclaw Symposium for
various reasons, but they are closely related to Professor Kikuchi's session and are
thought to be very relevant to the subject concerned.
Although some time has elapsed since the Fifth Wrocfaw EMC Symposium. it seems
that the papers presented here continue to be relevant. They highlight significant environ
mental aspects of man's activity and discuss the results obtained by some of the most
prominent experts around the world.
* EMC = Electromagnetic Compatibility.
** URSI = International Scientific Radio Union.
Space Science Reviews 35 (1983) 5-6. 0038-6308/83/0351-0003$00.30.
Copyright © 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Co .. Dordrecht. Holland. and Boston. U.S.A.
6 PREFACE
In connection with this, a more general conclusion can also be made on the occasion
of this issue. Despite economic difficulties, and linguistic, cultural, and political barriers,
a natural human inclination to cooperate, and to explore nature for common benefit,
is readily seen from the pages that follow. This is an optimistic conclusion, I think.
Wroclaw, November 23, 1981 PROFESSOR DR RYSZARD G. STRUZAK
Chairman, Vth International
Wroclaw Symposium on EMC
17-19 September 1980 - EMC80.
International Wroa1aw Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.
Presidium at the Opening Ceremony.
From left to right: Mr W. Moron, Poland, Secretary-General, Mr J. Rutkowski, Switzerland, CCIR represen
tative, Mr R. Mayher, U.S.A., IEEE EMC-C representative, Prof. A. Zielinski, Poland, representative of
Minister of Posts of Telecommunications of the Polish People's Republic, Prof. F. L. Stumpers, the Nether
lands, Scientific Program Committee Chairman, URSI Vice-President, Prof. R. G. Struzak. Poland,
Symposium Chairman, Prof. T. Por~bski, Poland, President of the Wroc\aw Technical University, Prof.
H. Kikuchi, Japan, IECE representative, Prof. D. 1. Bern, Poland, Symposium Vice-Chairman, Prof.
W. Rotkiewicz, Poland, Symposium Council Chairman, Dr V. Leonov, U.S.S.R., Popov Society repre-
sentative.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
The opening session of the EMCi Symposium in Wroclaw has usually welcoming
speeches by officials of the government, an address by the chairman of the Symposium,
and introductory remarks by the chairman of the program committee. In the latter
function I drew special attention, in 1980, to three groups of contributions: those in
1
the domain ofCCIRii and CCITTiii; those in the domain ofCISPRiv and IEC TCv 77;
and those in the domain of URSlvi. In the latter category I gave first place to Professor
Kikuchi's session on Power Line Radiation and Its Coupling to the Ionosphere and
Magnetosphere. I paid also special attention to this session in my report on the Fifth
International Wroclaw EMC Symposium for the URSI Bulletin.2
It was a pleasure to hear from Professor Kikuchi, that the papers of this session are
now to be published for a wider audience in Space Science Reviews, together with some
relevant additional articles.
My immediate predecessor as Vice-President of URSI, Professor H. G. Booker,
since 1978 Honorary President, has agreed to give a special invited paper. Professor
Booker's contributions to Radio Science extend over more than four decades, and have
produced significant advances to our understanding of a wide variety of topics. His
theory of scattering in the troposphere (with W. E. Gordon) inspired many experiments,
thanks also to his spirited defence (e.g., in the URSI Plenary Assembly of the Hague,
1954). His present contribution is another one in a series of valuable tutorial review
articles, with a clarity of exposition of high educational value. Behroozi-ToosijBooker's
paper is also concerned with application of his model.
No less than three Commissions of DRS I are interested in the subjects treated here.
Commission E is interested in atmospheric and man-made noise of this kind (see E 3
in Bowhill's Review of Radio Science3, 1978-1980). Commission G has a special
interest in auroral and polar dynamics, in magnetic storms and disturbances, and in
ELF-VLF systems (G7, 10, 11, 18 in Bowhill). Commission H discusses many satellite
measurements and low frequency waves in plasmas, as well as emissions induced by
wave injection and wave instabilities in plasmas (H6-H9 in Bowhill).
It is typical for the dual nature of electromagnetic compatibility, that we find power
lines treated as a source of electromagnetic radiation, and also as the subject of
interfering radiation from other causes.
Radio noise due to power lines at relatively short distances, and its relation to line
design, insulator condition, and dependence on the weather has been studied by
CIGREvii and CISPR (see Publications of these organisations). Experimental results
are discussed here by Pilatowicz and Kapitonov, while the Earth's effects are treated
theoretically by Kikuchi.
Effects of power line radiation in space are discussed in two papers by Tatnall et af.
and by Bullough and Kaiser.
Space Science Reviews 35 (1983) 7-8. 0038-6308/83/0351-0007$00.30.
Copyright © 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, and Boston, U.S.A.
8 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Effects of power line radiation at long distances (coupling through ionosphere and
magnetosphere, measurement of power noise originating in Canada or the Eastern
U.S.A. at conjugate sites in Antarctica) are found in the papers of Park, Helliwell and
Lefeuvre-Polk. In the latter paper the primary interest is in Schumann resonance
spectra excited by worldwide thunderstorm activity, and power line radiation is a major
source of interference.
Inversely, the effect oftransrnitter electromagnetic radiation on a power line is reviewed
by Umbert, Fontaine, and Plumey. The effects of geomagnetic disturbances, solar and
auroral storms on power lines are discussed by Pirjola and by Boerner and his colla
borators.
Many authors of the papers here collected, contributed to a joint session of Commis
sions E and H at the Washington Plenary Assembly of URSI, 1981, and a panel was
devoted to unresolved questions on power line radiation coupling to the ionosphere and
magnetosphere. In his introduction Lefeuvre estimated that the open questions still
require extensive study I feel sure that this collection will give a good review of the state
4.
of the art and a stimulus to further studies.
Notes
1. Introductory Remarks from the scientific program committee chairman. F. Louis and H. M. Stumpers,
Electromagnetic Compatibility 1980, Part 1, Proceedings Wroclaw EMC Symposium, D. J. Bern (ed.),
Wroclaw Tech. University.
2. Fifth International Wroclaw Symposium on EMC, 1980, URSI Bulletin, December 1980, pp. 10-12, by
F. L. H. M. Stumpers.
3. Review ofR adio Science 1978-1980, S. A. Bowhill (ed.), URSI, Avenue Lancaster 32, Brussels, Belgium.
4. Unresolved Questions on Power Line Radiation Coupling to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere-Opening
Remarks, F. Lefeuvre, Session EH 1, URSI Abstracts Sessions of Commissions, Washington, D.C.,
August 10-19, 1981, p. 252.
EMC = Electromagnetic Compatibility.
CCIR = International Radio Consultative Committee.
iU CCITT = International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee.
'v CISPR = International Special Committee on Radio Interference.
v IEC TC = International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee.
vi URSI = International Scientific Radio Union.
vii CIGRE = International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems.
The Royal Netherlands F. L. H. M. STUMPERS
Academy of Arts and Sciences (member).
The Universities of Utrecht and Nijmegen (professor)
A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF ELF PROPAGATION IN THE
EARTH-IONOSPHERE TRANSMISSION LINE* * *
HENRY G. BOOKER
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (C-OJ4), University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A.
Abstract. An approximate theory of ELF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere transmission line is developed
by combining the reflection theory of Booker and Lefeuvre (1977) with Greifinger and Greiferinger's (1978,
1979) treatment of the effect of ionization below the level of reflection. The theory allows for the influence
of the Earth's magnetic field, for reflection from the gradient on the underside of the D region (or, at night,
of a ledge below the E region), for reflection from the gradient on the underside of the E region, and for
reflection from the gradient on the topside of the E region. The procedure is to compare local vertical
gradient with local wavelength, thereby classifying altitude into intervals where the gradient is high and ones
where it is low. Where the gradient is low, the phase-integral treatment is adequate. An interval where the
gradient is high may, to a first approximation, be replaced by a discontinuity. The amount of the discontinuity
is the difference between the refractive indices at the top and bottom of the interval of high gradient, judged
in relation to local wavelength. It is then a matter of combining reflections from the several discontinuities.
This requires calculation of the complex phase-changes between the discontinuities. But these are the
intervals where the phase-integral treatment is available. To a beter approximation, there is a non-zero
phase-change associated with an interval of high gradient. The method for incorporating this is described.
1. Introduction
Numerous attempts have been made to devise simple methods for handling ELF
propagation of the transmission-line mode of propagation between the conducting Earth
and the ionosphere. Many of these are summarized in books by Budden (1961a, b), Wait
(1962), and Galejs (1972), Reference may also be made to papers by Barr (1971,
1975a, b), to a special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Communications edited by
Wait (1974,), and to a collection of papers by Bannister et al. (1979). Further efforts in
this direction have been made by Booker and Lefeuvre (1977) and by Greifinger and
Greifinger (1978, 1979). These pairs of authors will be referred to as BL and GG.
Both BL and GG find that there is an identifiable reflecting stratum for the return
of ELF waves from the ionosphere. Moreover, in spite of different approaches, they
come to the same conclusion concerning the location of the stratum. The thickness is
about one scale-height h, defined in terms of the profile of n2 - 1, where n is the
ionospheric refractive index. The center of the reflecting stratum occurs where 1/(2n)
times the local wavelength .Ie is equal to y times the local scale-height h, where y is a
number between 2 and 3, The BL treatment of the value of y is slightly different from
that of GG. Preference will be given to the BL treatment.
Above the reflecting stratum, the ionosphere is a good approximation to a slowly
varying medium. It is a slowly varying medium in which the ordinary (0) and
* Reprinted from J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 42.
** Supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract NOOOI4-78-C-0682.
Space Science Reviews 35 (1983) 9-31. 0038-6308/83/0351-0009$03.45.
Copyright © 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Co .. Dordrecht, Holland, and Boston, U.S.A.
10 HENRY O. BOOKER
extraordinary (X) waves can nearly always be assumed to propagate independently.
Moreover, because of the high numerical value of the refractive index, phase propagation
above the reflecting stratum (but not, in general, group propagation) is almost exactly
vertical regardless of the directions of propagation of the incident and reflected waves
below the ionosphere. Major simplifications arise from these considerations (Barr,
1975a).
Neither BL nor GG draw explicit attention to another important feature of the
reflecting stratum. When a downcoming magneto-ionic component (0 wave or X wave)
leaves the ionosphere, a location is reached below which no further important change
in elliptical polarization takes place. This occurs because a magnetoplasma does not
react in a doubly refracting manner unless the refractive indices of 0 and X waves differ
by more than about A/(2nh) where Ai s the local wavelength and h is the local scale-height
(Booker, 1936; Budden, 1952; Hayes, 1971). In the HF band the level thus determined
can usually be regarded as the 'bottom' of the ionosphere. In the ELF band, however,
because of the much bigger free-space wavelength ,10' the level below which the
ionosphere fails to respond as a doubly refracting medium is approximately the same
as the level of reflection. Consequently the reflecting stratum as identified by BL and
GG has the property that, above it, the ionosphere is a slowly-varying non-isotropic
medium whereas, below it, the ionosphere responds primarily as an isotropic medium.
However, BL overlooked an important feature taken into account by GG. BL rook
the isotropic medium below the reflecting stratum as free space, allowing for collisional
absorption in this region by a method similar to that employed for dielectric loss in an
engineering transmission line. GG emphasized that the isotropic medium below the level
of reflection is strictly equivalent to free space only below the level where the refractive
index begins to approach unity. Between this level and the level of reflection, propagation
is essentially vertical almost regardless of the directions of incidence and reflection
below the bottom of the ionosphere. At ELF the transition from nearly horizontal
propagation takes place, not in the reflecting stratum, but in a refracting stratum at the
bottom of the ionosphere. What GG show is that the vertical standing-wave pattern for
the horizontal electric field below the level of reflection is substantially what is in free
space subject to the following remarkable proviso. Propagation of phase is in the nearly
horizontal directions of incidence and reflection below the bottom of the ionosphere but,
between the bottom of the ionosphere and the level of reflection, change of phase is to
be calculated to a first approximation on the basis of vertical propagation infree space.
This unusual result is an indispensable key to understanding ELF propagation. The
way in which the various components of the electromagnetic field behave is described
by GG using wave theory. The result seems unusual because, between the refracting
stratum at the bottom of the ionosphere and the reflecting stratum higher up, we are
dealing with a rapidly varying stratified medium, and there is a lack of familiarity with
solutions of the wave equation in these circumstances. In particular, it is essential to
realize that there is remarkably little change of phase in passing through such a rapidly
varying medium in comparison with what would be mistakenly calculated using the
theory for a slowly varying medium.
