Power Electronics Handbook - Devices, Circuits, and Applications

1397 Pages·2011·36.989 MB·1397\1397

by  Rashid, Muhammad H. (Eds.)

POWER
ELECTRONICS
HANDBOOK
DEVICES, CIRCUITS, AND APPLICATIONS
Third Edition
Edited by
Muhammad H. Rashid, Ph.D.,
FellowIET(UK),FellowIEEE(USA)
Professor
ElectricalandComputerEngineering
UniversityofWestFlorida
11000UniversityParkway
Pensacola,FL32514-5754,U.S.A.
Phone:[phone]
e-mail:[email protected]
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEWYORK • OXFORD
PARIS • SANDIEGO • SANFRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

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Preface for Third Edition
Introduction by the General Electric Company in 1958. That was the
beginningofaneweraofpowerelectronics.Sincethen,many
differenttypesofpowersemiconductordevicesandconversion
The purpose of Power Electronics Handbook is to provide a
techniqueshavebeenintroduced.
reference that is both concise and useful for engineering stu-
The demand for energy, particularly in electrical forms, is
dentsandpracticingprofessionals.Itisdesignedtocoverawide
ever-increasing in order to improve the standard of living.
rangeoftopicsthatmakeupthefieldofpowerelectronicsina
Power electronics helps with the efficient use of electricity,
well-organizedandhighlyinformativemanner.TheHandbook
therebyreducingpowerconsumption.Semiconductordevices
isacarefulblendofbothtraditionaltopicsandnewadvance-
are used as switches for power conversion or processing, as
ments. Special emphasis is placed on practical applications;
are solid state electronics for efficient control of the amount
thus,thisHandbookisnotatheoreticalone,butanenlighten-
of power and energy flow. Higher efficiency and lower losses
ingpresentationoftheusefulnessoftherapidlygrowingfield
are sought for devices used in a range of applications, from
of power electronics. The presentation is tutorial in nature in
microwaveovenstohigh-voltagedctransmission.Newdevices
ordertoenhancethevalueofthebooktothereaderandfoster
andpowerelectronicsystemsarenowevolvingforevenmore
aclearunderstandingofthematerial.
effectivecontrolofpowerandenergy.
The contributors to this Handbook span the globe, with
Power electronics has already found an important place in
fifty-four authors from twelve different countries, some of
modern technology and has revolutionized control of power
whomaretheleadingauthoritiesintheirareasofexpertise.All
and energy. As the voltage and current ratings and switching
werechosenbecauseoftheirintimateknowledgeoftheirsub-
characteristics of power semiconductor devices keep improv-
jects,andtheircontributionsmakethisacomprehensivestate-
ing,therangeofapplicationscontinuetoexpandinareas,such
of-the-artguidetotheexpandingfieldofpowerelectronicsand
as lamp controls, power supplies to motion control, factory
itsapplicationscoveringthefollowing:
automation, transportation, energy storage, multimegawatt
• the characteristics of modern power semiconductor industrial drives, and electric power transmission and dis-
devices,whichareusedasswitchestoperformthepower tribution. The greater efficiency and tighter control features
conversionsfromac-dc,dc-dc,dc-ac,andac-ac; of power electronics are becoming attractive for applications
• both the fundamental principles and in-depth study of in motion control by replacing the earlier electromechanical
the operation, analysis, and design of various power and electronic systems. Applications in power transmission
converters;and and renewable energy include high-voltage dc (VHDC) con-
• examplesofrecentapplicationsofpowerelectronics verterstations,flexibleactransmissionsystem(FACTS),static
var compensators, and energy storage. In power distribution,
these include dc-to-ac conversion, dynamic filters, frequency
conversion,andcustompowersystem.
Power Electronics Backgrounds
Almost all new electrical or electromechanical equipments,
from household air conditioners and computer power sup-
Thefirstelectronicsrevolutionbeganin1948withtheinven- plies to industrial motor controls, contain power electronic
tion of the silicon transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories circuits and/or systems. In order to keep up, working engi-
byBardeen,Bratain,andSchockley.Mostoftoday’sadvanced neersinvolvedincontrolandconversionofpowerandenergy
electronic technologies are traceable to that invention, and into applications ranging from several hundred voltages at a
modern microelectronics has evolved over the years from fractionofanamperefordisplaydevicestoabout10,000Vat
these silicon semiconductors. The second electronics revolu- high-voltagedctransmissionshouldhaveaworkingknowledge
tion began with the development of a commercial thyristor ofpowerelectronics.
xvii
xviii PrefaceforThirdEdition
Organization • FuzzyLogicinElectricDrives
• EMIEffectsofPowerConverters
TheHandbookstartswithanintroductorychapterandmoves
on to cover topics on power semiconductor devices, power
Locating Your Topic
converters, applications, and peripheral issues. The book is
organized into nine areas, the first of which includes chap-
tersonoperationandcharacterizationsofthefollowingpower A table of contents is presented at the front of the book, and
semiconductor devices: power diode, thyristor, gate turn-off eachchapterbeginswithitsowntableofcontents.Thereader
thyristor(GTO),powerbipolartransistor(BJT),powerMOS- should look over these tables of contents to become familiar
FET,insulatedgatebipolartransistor,MOS-controlledthyris- withthestructure,organization,andcontentofthebook.
tor (MCT), and static induction devices. The next topic area
includes chapters covering various types of power converters,
the principles of operation, and the methods for the analysis
Audience
and design of power converters. This also includes gate drive
circuits and control methods for power converters. The next
two chapters cover applications in power supplies, electronic TheHandbookisdesignedtoprovidebothstudentsandprac-
ballasts,HVDCtransmission,VARcompensation,pulsepower, ticing engineers with answers to questions involving the wide
andcapacitorcharging. spectrumofpowerelectronics.Thebookcanbeusedasatext-
Thefollowingtwochaptersfocusontheoperation,theory, bookforgraduatestudentsinelectricalorsystemsengineering,
andcontrolmethodsofmotordrivesandautomotivesystems. or as a reference book for senior undergraduate students and
Wethenmoveontotwochaptersonpowerqualityissuesand for engineers who are interested and involved in operation,
activefilters,andtwochaptersoncomputersimulation,pack- projectmanagement,design,andanalysisofpowerelectronic
agingandsmartpowersystems.Thefinalchapterisonenergy equipmentandmotordrives.
sources,storage,andtransmission.
Acknowledgments
Changes in the Third Edition
This Handbook was made possible through the expertise and
Thefivenewcontributionsareaddedinkeepingwiththenew dedicationofoutstandingauthorsfromthroughouttheworld.
developmentandapplications. I gratefully acknowledge the personnel at Elsevier Publishing
who produced the book, including Jill Leonard. In addition,
• SolidStatePulsedPowerElectronics
special thanks are due to Ken McCombs, the executive edi-
• Novel AI-Based Soft Computing Applications In Motor
tor for this book. Finally, I express my deep appreciation to
Drives
my wife, Fatema Rashid, who graciously puts up with my
• EnergySources
publicationactivities.
• EnergyStorage
• ElectricPowerTransmission MuhammadH.Rashid,Editor-in-Chief
Thefollowingelevenchaptersarerevised,andthecontribu-
Any comments and suggestions regarding this book are
tionsarereorganizedunderninechapters.
welcome.Theyshouldbesentto
• IntroductiontoPowerElectronics
• StaticInductionDevices Dr.MuhammadH.Rashid
• MultilevelConverters Professor
• AC-ACConverters DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
• PowerElectronicsinCapacitorChargingApplications UniversityofWestFlorida
• SolarPowerConversion 11000UniversityParkway
• Fuel-CellPowerElectronicsforDistributedGeneration Pensacola.FL32514-5754,USA
• FlexibleACTransmission e-mail:mrashidfl@gmail.com
• ControlMethodsforPowerConverters Web:http://uwf.edu/mrashid
Table of Contents
Chapter1 Introduction 1
PhilipT.Krein
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
UniversityofIllinois
Urbana,Illinois,USA
SectionI:PowerElectronicsDevices
Chapter2 ThePowerDiode 17
AliI.Maswood
SchoolofEEE
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity
NanyangAvenue,Singapore
Chapter3 PowerBipolarTransistors 29
MarceloGodoySimoes
EngineeringDivision
ColoradoSchoolofMines
Golden,Colorado,USA
Chapter4 ThePowerMOSFET 43
IssaBatarseh
SchoolofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience
UniversityofCentralFlorida
4000CentralFloridaBlvd.
Orlando,Florida,USA
Chapter5 InsulatedGateBipolarTransistor 73
S.AbedinpourandK.Shenai
DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience
UniversityofIllinoisatChicago
851,SouthMorganStreet(M/C154)
Chicago,Illinois,USA
vii
viii TableofContents
Chapter6 Thyristors 91
AngusBryant
DepartmentofEngineering
UniversityofWarwick
CoventryCV47AL,UK
EnricoSanti
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
UniversityofSouthCarolina
Columbia,SouthCarolina,USA
JerryHudgins
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
UniversityofNebraska
Lincoln,Nebraska,USA
PatrickPalmer
DepartmentofEngineering
UniversityofCambridge
TrumpingtonStreet
CambridgeCB21PZ,UK
Chapter7 GateTurn-offThyristors 117
MuhammadH.Rashid
ElectricalandComputerEngineering
UniversityofWestFlorida
11000UniversityParkway
Pensacola,Florida32514-5754,USA
Chapter8 MOSControlledThyristors(MCTs) 125
S.Yuvarajan
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
NorthDakotaStateUniversity
P.O.Box5285
Fargo,NorthDakota,USA
Chapter9 StaticInductionDevices 135
BogdanM.Wilamowski
AlabamaMicroelectronicsScienceandTechnologyCenter
AuburnUniversity
Alabama,USA
SectionII:PowerConversion
Chapter10 DiodeRectifiers 149
Yim-ShuLeeandMartinH.L.Chow
DepartmentofElectronicandInformationEngineering
TheHongKongPolytechnic
UniversityHungHom
HongKong
TableofContents ix
Chapter11 Single-phaseControlledRectifiers 183
Jos´eRodr´ıguez,PabloLezana,
SamirKouro,andAlejandroWeinstein
DepartmentofElectronics
UniversidadT´ecnicaFederico
SantaMar´ıa,Valpara´ıso,Chile
Chapter12 Three-phaseControlledRectifiers 205
JuanW.Dixon
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
PontificiaUniversidadCato´licadeChile
Vicun˜aMackenna4860,Santiago,Chile
Chapter13 DC–DCConverters 249
DariuszCzarkowski
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
PolytechnicUniversity
Brooklyn,NewYork,USA
Chapter14 DC/DCConversionTechniqueandTwelveSeriesLuo-converters 265
FangLinLuo
SchoolofEEE,BlockS1
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity
NanyangAvenue,Singapore
HongYe
SchoolofBiologicalSciences,BlockSBS
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity
NanyangAvenue,Singapore
Chapter15 Inverters 357
Jos´eR.Espinoza
DepartamentodeIngenier´ıaEl´ectrica,of.220
UniversidaddeConcepcio´nCasilla160-C,Correo3
Concepcio´n,Chile
Chapter16 ResonantandSoft-switchingConverters 409
S.Y.(Ron)HuiandHenryS.H.Chung
DepartmentofElectronicEngineering
CityUniversityofHongKong
TatCheeAvenue,Kowloon
HongKong
Chapter17 MultilevelPowerConverters 455
SurinKhomfoi
KingMongkut’sInstituteofTechnologyLadkrabang
Thailand
LeonM.Tolbert
TheUniversityofTennessee
DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience
Knoxville,Tennessee,USA
x TableofContents
Chapter18 AC–ACConverters 487
A.K.Chattopadhyay
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
BengalEngineering&ScienceUniversity
Shibpur,Howrah,India
Chapter19 PowerFactorCorrectionCircuits 523
IssaBatarsehandHuaiWei
SchoolofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience
UniversityofCentralFlorida
4000CentralFloridaBlvd.
Orlando,Florida,USA
Chapter20 GateDriveCircuitryforPowerConverters 549
IrshadKhan
UniversityofCapeTown
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
CapeTown,SouthAfrica
SectionIII:GeneralApplications
Chapter21 PowerElectronicsinCapacitorChargingApplications 567
WilliamC.Dillard
ArchangelSystems,Incorporated
1635PumphreyAvenueAuburn
Alabama,USA
Chapter22 ElectronicBallasts 573
J.MarcosAlonso
ElectricalEngineeringDepartment
UniversityofOviedo
CampusdeViesquess/n
EdificiodeElectronica
33204Gijon,Asturias,Spain
Chapter23 PowerSupplies 601
Y.M.Lai
DepartmentofElectronicandInformationEngineering
TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity
HongKong
Chapter24 UninterruptiblePowerSupplies 627
AdelNasiri
PowerElectronicsandMotorDrivesLaboratory
UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee
3200NorthCramerStreet
Milwaukee,Wisconsin,USA
TableofContents xi
Chapter25 AutomotiveApplicationsofPowerElectronics 643
DavidJ.Perreault
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
LaboratoryforElectromagneticandElectronicSystems
77MassachusettsAvenue,10-039
Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA
KhurramAfridi
Techlogix,800WestCummingsPark
1925,Woburn,Massachusetts,USA
IftikharA.Khan
DelphiAutomotiveSystems
2705SouthGoyerRoad
MSD35Kokomo
Indiana,USA
Chapter26 SolidStatePulsedPowerElectronics 669
LuisRedondo
InstitutoSuperiordeEngenhariadeLisboa
DEEA,andNuclearPhysicsCenterfomLisbonUniversity
Av.Prof.GamaPinto2,1649-003Lisboa,Portugal
J.FernandoSilva
TULisbon,InstitutoSuperiorT´ecnico,DEEC,A.C.Energia,
CenterforInnovationonElectricalandEnergyEngineering
AV.RoviscoPais1,1049-001Lisboa,Portugal
SectionIV:PowerGenerationandDistribution
Chapter27 PhotovoltaicSystemConversion 711
Dr.LanaElChaar,Ph.D.
ElectricalEngineeringDepartment
ThePetroleumInstitute
P.O.Box2533,AbuDhabi,UAE
Chapter28 PowerElectronicsforRenewableEnergySources 723
C.V.Nayar,S.M.Islam
H.Dehbonei,andK.Tan
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
CurtinUniversityofTechnology
GPOBoxU1987,Perth
WesternAustralia6845,Australia
H.Sharma
ResearchInstituteforSustainableEnergy
MurdochUniversity
Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia
xii TableofContents
Chapter29 High-FrequencyInverters:FromPhotovoltaic,Wind, 767
andFuel-Cell-BasedRenewable-andAlternative-Energy
DER/DGSystemstoEnergy-StorageApplications
S.K.Mazumder
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
Director,LaboratoryforEnergyand
Switching-ElectronicsSystems(LESES)
UniversityofIllinois
Chicago,USA
Chapter30 WindTurbineApplications 791
JuanM.Carrasco,EduardoGalva´n,and
Ramo´nPortillo
DepartmentofElectronicEngineering
EngineeringSchool,SevilleUniversity,Spain
Chapter31 HVDCTransmission 823
VijayK.Sood
Hydro-Quebec(IREQ),1800LionelBoulet
Varennes,Quebec,Canada
Chapter32 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems 851
E.H.Watanabe
ElectricalEngineeringDepartment
COPPE/FederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro
Brazil,SouthAmerica
M.Aredes
ElectricalEngineeringDepartment
PolytechnicSchoolandCOPPE/
FederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro
Brazil,SouthAmerica
P.G.Barbosa
ElectricalEngineeringDepartment
FederalUniversityofJuizdeFora
Brazil,SouthAmerica
F.K.deArau´joLima
ElectricalEngineeringDepartment
FederalUniversityofCeara
Brazil,SouthAmerica
R.F.daSilvaDias
Pos-doctoralFellowatToronto
UniversitysupportedbyCapesFoundation
MinistryofEducation
Brazil,SouthAmerica
G.Santos
Eneltec-EnergiaEl´etricaeTecnologia
Brazil,SouthAmerica