Power Electronics, Drives, and Advanced Applications

791 Pages·2020·73.567 MB·English

by  Vinod Kumar Yadav, Ranjan Kumar Behera, Dheeraj Joshi, Ramesh Bansal

Power Electronics, Drives,
and Advanced Applications

Power Electronics, Drives,
and Advanced Applications

Vinod Kumar
EE Department, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture
and Technology, Udaipur,
India
Ranjan Kumar Behera
Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Patna, India
Dheeraj Joshi
EE Department, Delhi Technological University, India
Ramesh Bansal
Electrical Engineering Department,
University of  Sharjah, UAE
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not
warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB®
software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of
a  particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
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have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
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have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
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ter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not
Contents
warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB®
software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of
a  particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
Preface.....................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................xxv
Authors .................................................................................................................xxvii
Section i Power Semiconductor Devices
Chapter 1 Overview of Power Electronics ............................................................3
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................3
1.2 Power Electronics Systems ..........................................................3
1.3 Power Semiconductor Devices ....................................................4
1.4 Power Electronic Converters .......................................................7
1.5 Power Electronic Modules ..........................................................9
CRC Press 1.6 Applications of Power Electronics ............................................10
Taylor & Francis Group
1.7 Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Circuits ..................11
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 1.7.1 Importance of Simulation ..............................................12
1.7.2 Benefits of Computer-Aided Simulation .......................12
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business 1.7.3 Demerits of Computer-Aided Simulation......................12
1.7.4 Simulation Tools ............................................................13
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Review Questions ...............................................................................14
Printed on acid-free paper Summary ............................................................................................15
References/Further Reading ...............................................................15
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-06239-9 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices ...........................................................17
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................17
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
2.2 Power Diode ..............................................................................17
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 2.2.1 Working and V-I Characteristics ...................................19
2.2.2 Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics ......................19
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans-
mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf- 2.3 DIAC .........................................................................................21
ter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or 2.4 TRIAC .......................................................................................22
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
2.5 Characteristics of Power Transistors .........................................23
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. 2.5.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor ...........................................23
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood 2.5.1.1 Steady-State Characteristics ...........................24
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
2.5.1.2 Switching Characteristics of a BJT ................25
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. 2.5.2 Power MOSFETs ...........................................................27
2.5.3 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor .................................30
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
2.6 Characteristics of the Thyristor .................................................32
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
2.6.1 Static V-I Characteristics of a Thyristor .......................33
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com 2.6.1.1 Reverse Blocking Mode (RBM) .....................34
2.6.1.2 Forward Blocking Mode ................................34
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com 2.6.1.3 Forward Conducting Mode ............................34
v
vi Contents
2.6.2 Switching Characteristics of a Thyristor .......................35
2.6.3 Thyristor Gate Characteristics ......................................38
2.7 Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Thyristor ................................................40
2.7.1 Static V-I Characteristics...............................................40
2.7.2 Switching Characteristics of GTO ................................41
2.8 Two-Transistor Model of a Thyristor ........................................42
Review Questions ...............................................................................44
Summary ............................................................................................45
References/Further Reading ...............................................................45
Chapter 3 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier ...............................................................47
3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................47
3.2 SCR Construction ......................................................................47
3.2.1 Planer Diffused .............................................................47
3.2.2 Alloy Diffused ...............................................................48
3.3 Specifications and Ratings ........................................................49
3.3.1 Voltage Ratings .............................................................49
3.3.2 Current Ratings .............................................................50
3.4 Methods of Turn On ..................................................................51
3.4.1 Gate Triggering .............................................................51
3.4.2 Forward Voltage Triggering ..........................................53
3.4.3 dv/dt Triggering .............................................................53
3.4.4 Temperature Triggering .................................................53
3.4.5 Light Triggering ............................................................53
3.5 Firing (Triggering) Circuits for SCR ........................................54
3.5.1 Resistance (R) Triggering Circuit .................................55
3.5.2 Resistance-Capacitance (RC) Triggering Circuit..........58
3.5.3 UJT Relaxation Oscillator .............................................61
3.6 Series and Parallel Operation of SCR .......................................62
3.6.1 Series-Connected SCRs ................................................63
3.6.2 Parallel-Connected SCRs ..............................................65
3.7 String Efficiency ........................................................................66
3.8 Protection of SCR......................................................................67
3.8.1 Overvoltage Protection ..................................................67
3.8.2 Overcurrent Protection ..................................................68
3.8.3 dv/dt Protection .............................................................69
3.8.4 di/dt Protection ..............................................................72
3.8.5 Gate Protection ..............................................................72
3.9 Solved Problems ........................................................................72
Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ........................................98
Summary ............................................................................................98
Main Formulas of the Chapter ............................................................98
References/Further Reading .............................................................100
Contents vii
Section ii Power electronic converters
Chapter 4 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers..............................................................105
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................105
4.2 Classifications ..........................................................................105
4.3 Performance Indices for Line-Commutated Converter ..........107
4.4 Single-Phase Converters ..........................................................110
4.4.1 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with
R Load .........................................................................110
4.4.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier
with RL Load .............................................................113
4.4.3 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier
with RL Load and Freewheeling Diode (FD) .............116
4.4.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave-Controlled Converter ...........118
4.4.4.1 Single-Phase Full-Wave Mid-Point
Rectifier with R Load ...................................119
4.4.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge-Type-
Controlled Rectifier with R Load ................121
4.4.4.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave
Bridge-Type-Controlled Rectifier with
RL Load .......................................................122
4.4.5 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with
RLE Load ....................................................................125
4.4.6 Single-Phase Full Converter with RLE Load and
Discontinuous Conduction ..........................................128
4.5 Three-Phase Converters ..........................................................129
4.5.1 Three-Phase Half-Wave Converters with RL Load ....129
4.5.2 Three-Phase Full Converter ........................................133
4.6 Dual Converters ......................................................................135
4.6.1 Ideal Dual Converter ...................................................136
4.6.2 Practical Dual Converter .............................................137
4.6.2.1 Dual Converter without Circulating
Current .........................................................138
4.6.2.2 Dual Converter with Circulating Current ....139
4.6.3 Single-Phase Dual Converter ......................................139
4.6.4 Three-Phase Dual Converters .....................................142
4.7 Effect of Source Impedance ....................................................144
4.7.1 Single-Phase Fully Controlled
Rectifier with Source and Load Inductance ................144
4.8 Solved Problems ......................................................................147
Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ......................................172
Summary ..........................................................................................174
Main Formulas of the Chapter ..........................................................174
References/Further Reading .............................................................177
viii Contents
Chapter 5 Semiconverters .................................................................................179
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................179
5.2 Single-Phase Semiconverter with RL Load ............................179
5.3 Three-Phase Semiconverter with RL Load .............................186
5.4 Power Factor Improvement .....................................................188
5.4.1 Extinction Angle Control (EAC) .................................188
5.4.2 Symmetrical Angle Control (SAC) .............................190
5.4.3 Pulse Width Modulation Control ................................192
5.4.4 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Control ..............194
5.5 Inversion Operation ................................................................195
5.6 Solved Problems ......................................................................195
Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ......................................212
Summary ..........................................................................................213
Main Formulas of the Chapter ..........................................................214
References/Further Reading .............................................................216
Chapter 6 Chopper ............................................................................................217
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................217
6.2 Chopper Classifications ...........................................................217
6.3 Principle of Chopper Operation ..............................................218
6.4 Control Strategies ....................................................................220
6.4.1 Time Ratio Control ......................................................220
6.4.2 Current Limit Control .................................................222
6.5 Step Up/Down Chopper ..........................................................222
6.6 Chopper Configurations ..........................................................223
6.6.1 First-Quadrant or Type-A Chopper .............................224
6.6.2 Second-Quadrant or Type-B Chopper ........................224
6.6.3 Two-Quadrant Type-A Chopper or Type-C
Chopper ....................................................................225
6.6.4 Two-Quadrant Type-B Chopper or Type-D
Chopper ....................................................................225
6.6.5 Four-Quadrant Chopper or Type-E Chopper ..............226
6.7 Analysis of Type-A (Step-Down) Chopper .............................227
6.7.1 With Resistive Load ....................................................227
6.7.2 With RLE Load ...........................................................228
6.7.2.1 Steady-State Ripple ......................................231
6.7.2.2 Limits of Continuous Conduction ................231
6.7.2.3 Computation of Extinction Time (t) ............232
x
6.7.2.4 AC Ripple Voltage (V) .................................233
r
6.7.2.5 Ripple Factor (RF) .......................................233
6.8 Commutation of Chopper ........................................................233
6.8.1 Voltage-Commutated Chopper (Classical Chopper
or Parallel Capacitor Turn-Off Chopper) ....................234
Contents ix
6.8.2 Current-Commutated Chopper ................................240
6.8.3 Load-Commutated Chopper ....................................244
6.9 Switched-Mode Regulators ...................................................247
6.10 Solved Problems ....................................................................261
Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ......................................288
Summary ..........................................................................................291
Main Formulas of the Chapter ..........................................................291
References/Further Reading .............................................................294
Chapter 7 DC-to-AC Converter: Inverter .........................................................297
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................297
7.2 Classifications ........................................................................297
7.3 Performance Parameters of Inverters ....................................298
7.4 Voltage Source Inverters .......................................................299
7.4.1 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters ....................299
7.4.1.1 With RL and RLC Overdamped Loads ....303
7.4.1.2 With RLC Underdamped Load ................303
7.4.1.3 Fourier Analysis of Single-Phase
Inverter Output Voltage ............................303
7.4.2 Three-Phase VSI Bridge Inverter ............................304
7.4.2.1 Three-Phase 180-degree Mode VSI .........305
7.4.2.2 Three-Phase 120-degree Mode VSI .........310
7.4.2.3 Merits and Demerits of 180°- and
120°-Mode VSIs .......................................314
7.5 Current Source Inverters .......................................................315
7.5.1 Single-Phase CSI .....................................................315
7.5.2 Three-Phase CSI ......................................................316
7.6 CSI versus VSI .......................................................................317
7.7 Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters ............................318
7.7.1 Control of Input DC Voltage ...................................318
7.7.2 External Control of AC Output Voltage ..................318
7.7.3 Internal Control of Inverters ....................................319
7.8 Pulse-Width Modulation........................................................320
7.8.1 Single Pulse-Width Modulation ..............................320
7.8.2 Multiple Pulse-Width Modulation ...........................321
7.8.3 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation ........................322
7.9 Advanced Modulation Techniques ........................................323
7.9.1 Trapezoidal Modulation ..........................................324
7.9.2 Staircase Modulation ...............................................325
7.9.3 Stepped Modulation.................................................326
7.9.4 Harmonic-Injected Modulation ...............................326
7.9.5 Delta Modulation .....................................................327
7.10 Space Vector Modulation ......................................................328
7.10.1 Implementation of Space Vector PWM ...................328