Table Of ContentPOWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS FOR
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
L. ASHOK KUMAR
PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
S. ALBERT ALEXANDER
Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, India
MADHUVANTHANI RAJENDRAN
Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India
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Authors biography
Dr. L. Ashok Kumar was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow from San
Diego State University, California. He is a recipient of the BHAVAN
fellowship from the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum and SYST
Fellowship from DST, Government of India. His current research focuses
on integration of renewable energy systems in the smart grid and wearable
electronics.Hehas3yearsofindustrialexperienceand19yearsofacademic
and research experience. He has published 167 technical papers in inter-
national and national journals and presented 157 papers in national and
international conferences. He has completed 26 Government of Indiae
fundedprojects,andcurrently,7projectsareinprogress.HisPhDworkon
wearable electronics earned him a National Award from ISTE, and he has
received24awardsonthenationallevel.AshokKumarhassevenpatentsto
his credit. He has guided 127 graduate and postgraduate projects, and also
he has produced 4 PhD scholars, and 12 scholars are pursuing their PhD
work. He is a member and in prestigious positions in various national
forums. He has visited many countries for institute industry collaboration
and as a keynote speaker. He has been an invited speaker in 178 programs.
Also he has organized 72 events, including conferences, workshops, and
seminars. He completed his graduate program in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering fromtheUniversityofMadras andhispostgraduatefrom PSG
CollegeofTechnology,India,andMastersinBusinessAdministrationfrom
IGNOU,NewDelhi.Aftercompletionofhisgraduatedegree,hejoinedas
a project engineer for Serval Paper Boards Ltd., Coimbatore (now ITC
Unit, Kovai). Presently, he is working as a Professor and Associate HoD in
the Department of EEE, PSG College of Technology and also doing
research work in wearable electronics, smart grid, solar PV, and wind en-
ergy systems. He is also a certified charted engineer and BSI-certified ISO
5000012008leadauditor.Hehasauthoredthefollowingbooksinhisareas
of interest: (1) Computational Intelligence Paradigms for Optimization Problems
Using MATLAB(cid:1)/SIMULINK(cid:1), CRC Press, (2) Solar PV and Wind
Energy Conversion SystemsdAn Introduction to Theory, Modeling with MAT-
LAB/SIMULINK,andtheRoleofSoftComputingTechniquesdGreenEnergy
and Technology, Springer, United States, (3) Electronics in Textiles and
Clothing: Design, Products and Applications, CRC Press, (4) Power Electronics
with MATLAB, Cambridge University Press, London, (5) Automation In
Textile Machinery: Instrumentation And Control System Design
ix
x Authorsbiography
PrinciplesdCRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, United States, ISBN
9781498781930, April 2018, (6) Proceedings of International Conference on
Artificial Intelligence, Smart Grid and Smart City Applications, Springer Inter-
national Publishing, Springer, (7) Deep Learning Using Python, Wiley India
Publications, India, (8) Monograph on Smart Textiles, (9) Monograph on Infor-
mationTechnologyforTextiles,and(10)MonographonInstrumentation& Textile
Control Engineering. Heis a seniormember in IEEEand Fellow Member in
IE (India), IETE, and IET (UK).
Dr. S. Albert Alexander was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow from
Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. He is the
recipient of prestigious Raman Research Fellowship from the University
GrantsCommission(GovernmentofIndia).Hiscurrentresearchfocuseson
faultdiagnostic systems for solar energyconversionsystems andsmart grids.
He has 13years of academic and research experience. He has published 23
technical papers in international and national journals (including IEEE
transactions, IET, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, etc.) and presented 23
papers at national and international conferences. He has completed four
Government of Indiaefunded projects, and one multilateral project is
underprogresswiththeoverallgrantamountofRs.86lakhs.HisPhDwork
on power quality earned him a National Award from ISTE, and he has
received23awardsforhismeritoriousacademicandresearchcareer(suchas
Young Engineers Award from IE(I), Young Scientist Award from
SPRERI, Gujarat, etc.). He has also received the National Teaching
Innovator Award from MHRD (Government of India). He is an approved
“Margadarshak” from AICTE (Government of India). He is the approved
Mentor for Change under Atal Innovation Mission. He has guided 31
graduate and postgraduate projects. He is presently guiding eight research
scholars.Heisamemberandinprestigiouspositionsinvariousnationaland
international forums (such as senior member, IEEE, and Vice President for
EnergyConservationSociety,India,etc.).Hehasbeenaninvitedspeakerin
210 programs covering nine Indian states and also at the United States. He
has organized 11 events, including faculty development programs, work-
shops, and seminars. He completed his graduate program in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from Bharathiar University and his postgraduate
program from Anna University, India. Presently, he is working as an Asso-
ciate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Kongu Engineering College, and also doing research work in smart grids,
solar PV, and power quality improvement techniques. He has authored the
followingbooksinhisareasofinterest:(1)ComputationalParadigmTechniques
Authorsbiography xi
for Enhancing Electric Power Quality, CRC Press, (2) Basic Electrical, Electronics
and Measurement Engineering, Anuradha Publishers, and (3) Special Electrical
Machines, Anuradha Publishers.
Madhuvanthani Rajendran is a full-time doctoral scholar currently
enrolled in Anna University, Chennai. Her current research focuses on
“Transient Power Management under different Load/Grid conditions of
Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids.” She previously worked as a curriculum
facilitator at African Leadership University, Mauritius, where her primary
role was to design Electrical Engineering courses using the flipped class-
roomapproach.ShehasobtainedherMasterofSciencedegreeinElectrical
Engineering from Arizona State University, United States, with a focus in
power andenergy systems.During hermaster’sdegree,shehad workedon
several projects, some of which are Transmission Expansion Planning in
Arizona, Design of Grid Connected Photovoltaic String Inverter, Project
onReactivePowerMarkets,ProtectionDesignProject,DetailedDesignof
a Computer Power Supply, Multi-machine Transient Stability Analysis,
and Design of a DFIG-Based Wind Energy System. She has published
sevenpapersinnationalandinternationaljournalsandpresentedfourpapers
in national and international conferences. She has also previously worked
as an Assistant Professor at Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore. She obtained her Bachelor of Engineering
degree from Anna University (SSN College of Engineering), Chennai, in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering where she worked on the Design of
Soft Switched Interleaved Flyback Converters for Fuel Cells.
Preface
To meet the growing demand for electrical energy, renewable energy
sources, especially solar photovoltaics (PVs), have become widely accepted
alternatives to conventional power generation systems. It has been fore-
castedthatthepowerproducedbythenonconventionalenergysourceswill
satisfy 50% of the total power needs in near future. A common problem
with the solar PV is the reduction of its delivered power, which can be
caused by certain abnormal conditions such as faults, partial shading,
maximum power point tracking failure, and inappropriate choice of con-
verters. To alleviate the problems, a power electronic interface with har-
monic reduction capability needs to be connected between the source and
load. Hence, this book provides a complete overview on power electronic
converters with improved performed parameters exclusively used for the
solar PVs. It is well supported by the extensive literature survey, software
simulations, and experimental investigation. The book will certainly be
considered as a tool for making an appropriate choice of power converters
for solar energy conversion system.
L. Ashok Kumar
S. Albert Alexander
Madhuvanthani Rajendran
xiii
Acknowledgments
The authors are always thankful to the almighty for their perseverance and
achievements. The authors owe their gratitude to Shri L. Gopalakrishnan,
Managing Trustee, PSG Institutions, and all the trustees of Kongu Vellalar
Institute of Technology Trust, Perundurai. The authors also owe their
gratitude to Dr K Prakasan, Principal in Charge, PSG College of
Technology, Coimbatore, India, and Prof.V.Balusamy, Principal, Kongu
Engineering College, Perundurai, India, for their wholehearted cooperation
and great encouragement in this successful endeavor.
Dr.L.AshokKumarwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoacknowledge
those people who helped me in completing this book. I am thankful to all
my research scholars and students who are doing their project and research
workwithme.Butthewritingofthisbookispossiblemainlybecauseofthe
support of my family members, parents, and sisters. Most importantly, I am
very grateful to my wife, Y. Uma Maheswari, for her constant support
duringwriting.Withouther,allthesethingswouldnotbepossible.Iwould
like to express my special gratitude to my daughter, A. K. Sangamithra, for
hersmilingfaceandsupport;ithelpedalotincompletingthiswork.Iwould
like to dedicate this work to her.
Dr. S. Albert Alexander would like to take this opportunity to
acknowledge those people who helped me in completing this book. I am
thankfultoallmyresearchscholarsandstudentswhoaredoingtheirproject
and research work with me. But thewriting of this book is possible mainly
because of the support of my family members, parents, and brothers. Most
importantly,Iamverygratefultomywife,A.LincyAnnet,forherconstant
supportduringwriting.Withouther,allthesethingswouldnotbepossible.
Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialgratitudetomyson,A.AlbinEmmanuel,
for his smiling face and support; it helped a lot in completing this work.
Madhuvanthani Rajendran would like to take this opportunity to
acknowledge all the people who have helped and supported me in
completing this book. Firstly, I would like to thank Dr. S. Thangavelu,
Chairman, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, whom I can also proudly call my father-in-law for providing
me with all the opportunities and the resources needed for me to excel in
my career. Secondly, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my
husband, T. Dheepan, Vice Chairman, Sri Shakthi International School,
xv
xvi Acknowledgments
Coimbatore, for always supporting me and encouraging me to break
boundaries. I would also like to extensively thank my parents, mother-
in-law, and my brother without whose support this book would not
have been possible. I would like to express my special gratitude to my
daughter Adheera who has been my main source of motivation for
completing this book.
Introduction
The ever-rising demand for electrical energy and depleting fossil fuel re-
serves are compelling reasons to use existing resources more efficiently.
Highlyefficientpowerelectronictechnologiesandpropercontrolstrategies
are therefore needed to reduce energy waste and to improve their per-
formance parameters. The increasing demand for energy has stimulatedthe
development of alternative power sources such as photovoltaic (PV)
modules, fuel cells, and wind turbines. The PV modules are particularly
attractive as renewable sources due to their relative small size, noiseless
operation,simpleinstallation,andthepossibilityofinstallingthemcloserto
theuser.PVpowergeneratorsconverttheenergyofsolarradiationdirectly
toelectricalenergywithoutanymovingparts.PVpowergeneratorscanbe
classified into stand-alone and grid-connected systems. In a stand-alone
system, the energy storage has a big influence on the design of the sys-
tems. In grid-connected system, the grid acts as an energy storage into
which the PV power generator can inject power whenever power is
available.
In PV modules, the output voltage has low DC amplitude. To be
connected to the grid, the PV modules output voltage should be boosted
andconvertedintoanACvoltage.Thistaskcanbeperformedusingoneor
more conversion stages (multistage). Most of the topologies for PV systems
are multistage, having a DC-to-DC converter with a high-frequency
transformer that adjusts the inverter DC voltage and isolates the PV
modules from the grid.
In PV systems where series modules are connected to a conventional
two-level inverter, the occurrence of partial shades and themismatching of
the modules lead to a reduction of the generated power. In addition, the
conventionaltwo-levelvoltagesourceconverterswillnotbeabletodeliver
the performance parameters such as improved power quality, maximum
allowed switching frequency, higher-voltage operation, and reduction in
filter size. To overcome these problems, advanced power converter to-
pologies are highly solicited.
Grid connection of PV systems has been traditionally performed by
three different types of configurations: centralized conversion topology
(large three-phase system), string topology (medium single-phase system),
and the AC module topology (small single-phase system). More recently, a
xvii
