Table Of Contentrnrn~rn~
Electric Energy Systems and Engineering Series
Editors: 1. G. Kassakian· D. H. Naunin
Guy Seguier· Francis Labrique
Power Electronic
Converters
DC-AC Conversion
With 259 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg NewY ork
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Professor Dr. Guy Seguier
Universite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille
59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cede x
France
Professor Dr. Francis Labrique
Universite Catholique de Louvain
1348 Louvain-Ia-Neuve
Belgique
Translated from the French by the authors
with the help of N. Quayle
This is the fourth volume in a series. The first two were published in English by McGraw-Hili
the first-on ACmC conversion, in 1986,
the second-on Ac/DC conversion, in 1987,
the third-on DC/DC conversion-was published by Springer-Verlag in 1993.
These three volumes are often referred to in the present work.
Title of the original French edition:
Les convertisseurs de l'electronique de puissance
Volume 4: La conversion continu - alternatiJ
© Technique et Documentation - Lavoisier 1989
ISBN 978-3-642-50324-5 ISBN 978-3-642-50322-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-50322-1
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993
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Typesetting: Macmillan (India) Ltd., Bangalore, India
61/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper
Series Editors:
Professor l.G. Kassakian
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Professor D.H. Naunin
Institut fUr Elektronik, Technische Universtiit Berlin,
Einsteinufer 19, 10587 Berlin, Germany
Introduction to the Electric Energy Systems and
Engineering Series
Concerns for the continued supply and efficient use of energy have recently
become important forces shaping our lives. Because of the influence which
energy issues have on the economy, international relations, national security,
and individual well-being, it is necessary that there exists a reliable, available
and accurate source of information on energy in the broadest sense. Since
a major form of energy is electrical, this new book series titled Electric Energy
Systems and Engineering has been launched to provide such an information base
in this important area.
The series coverage will include the following areas and their interaction and
coordination: generation, transmission, distribution, conversion, storage, utiliz
ation, economics.
Although the series is to include introductory and background volumes,
special emphasis will be placed on: new technologies, new adaptations of old
technologies, materials and components, measurement techniques, control - in
cluding the application of microprocessors in control systems, analysis and
planning methodologies, simulation, relationship to, and interaction with, other
disciplines.
The aim of this series is to provide a comprehensive source of information for
the developer, planner, or user of electrical energy. It will also serve as a visible
and accessible forum for the publication of selected research results and mono
graphs of timely interest. The series is expected to contain introductory level
material of a tutorial nature, as well as advanced texts and references for
graduate students, engineers and scientists.
The editors hope that this series will fill a gap and find interested readers.
John G. Kassakian· Dietrich H. Naunin
Preface
This is the final volume in a four-volume series concerning POWER ELEC
TRONIC CONVERTERS.
The first volume studies AC/DC conversion,
the second studies AC/ AC conversion,
and the third DC/DC conversion.
This final volume deals with DC/AC conversion, i.e. with inverters.
At the output of an inverter fed by a DC voltage supply, this voltage is
alternatively found with one polarity and then with the other; in other words, an
AC voltage made up of square pulses is obtained. Filtering must be carried out
if, as is normally the case, a virtually sinusoidal voltage is required: this problem
of filtering underlies the entire study of inverters.
In some applications, the load itself provides the filtering. In others, a filter is
installed between the inverter and the load; however, as it will be shown in
Chap. 2, in cases where the filtered voltage is at industrial network frequency
and comprises only a single square-wave pulse per half-cycle, the filter becomes
bulky and costly, and the results obtained are poor.
Filtering problems explain the considerable development of inverters during
the last years:
- Firstly there is increasing use of pulse width modulation: each half-cycle is cut
up into several pulses of suitable widths; this greatly simplifies filtering. The
use of a chopping frequency which is much greater than the frequency of the
fundamental components of the inverter output voltage and current has only
been made possible by progress in the field of semiconductor devices.
Secondly, attempts are made to widen the field of application of resonant
inverters, operating at frequencies much higher than those of the industrial
network. Raising the frequency enables the size and cost of passive elements
(transformers, inductors, capacitors) to be reduced in applications where these
are required.
On account of the development of inverters, the first chapter is relatively
long. It begins with a rapid outline of the various inverter types and of their
applications, before attempting to justify the choice of the following chapters
and the differing emphases laid on various points in their contents.
x Preface
Chapter 2 concerns voltage-source inverters with only one square-wave
pulse per half-cycle. Filtering problems are presented at this point.
Chapter 3 deals with voltage-source inverters operating in pulse width
modulation.
Chapter 4 concerns the drive and snubber circuits of transistors and GTO
thyristors in voltage-source inverters.
Chapter 5 presents current-source inverters with a single square-wave pulse
per half-cycle or operating in pulse width modulation.
Chapter 6 deals with resonant inverters used either directly or as intermedi
ate stages in energy conversion cascade.
In order to avoid an unnecessary increase in the length of some chapters, the
following have been included in the appendices at the end of the volume:
• the detailed study of the input filter in voltage-source inverters,
• the study of the "sinusoidal" inverters,
• the study of the thyristor turn-off circuits in voltage-source inverters.
Two further appendices have been added which do not deal with inverters
but involve techniques used by the latter. One appendix concerns voltage-fed
rectifiers operating in PWM and the other the AC current-fed chopper operat
ing as a four-quadrant reversible rectifier.
The titles of the various chapters and appendices clearly show that the
problems which arise in the study of inverters are very similar to those of
choppers. Frequent reference will thus be made to the preceding volume to
avoid needless repetition.
Such consideration have led us to have recourse to the same authors as in the
volume on choppers. Robert Bausiere was responsible for Chap. 4, Francis
Labrique for Chap. 5 as well as for Appendices C and E.
This collection aims to provide a useful working tool for power electro
technicians and Vol. 4 has tried to remain faithful to this aim. This has been
more difficult than for the preceding volumes insofar as there was a great deal to
say and we did not wish to go beyond the length of the preceding three.
Our intention to provide a detailed presentation of the basic principle and
initial applications has led us to be more succinct at the end of certain chapters.
For similar reasons we have not been able to show all the diagrams which the
user may require but have indicated how these could be drawn, with the aid of
some examples 1.
Lille, July 1993 G. Seguier
I We are very grateful to Mrs. Reine Del Vitto for typing the manuscript and to Mr. Paul Leroy for
drawing the figures of this book.
Notes
The publications indicated in the Bibliography date, as in the first three volumes
of this series, from 1970 onwards. This bibliography thus remains within
reasonable limits.
Books are indicated at the end of Chapter 1.
Articles have been limited to those published in the Proceedings and Trans
actions of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (USA), the Proceedings of the
Institution of Electrical Engineers (GB) and the Revue Generale de l'Electricite
(France). Furthermore we have given preference to articles containing bibli
ographies themselves.
References to the following have been grouped together:
voltage-source inverters, at the end of Chap. 3,
o
current-source inverters, at the end of Chap. 5,
o
resonant inverters, at the end of Chap. 6.
o
A number of articles on PWM rectifiers and active filters have been noted
after the appendices.
Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction and Presentation.
1.1 Types of Inverters: Principles 2
1.1.1 Voltage-Source Inverters . 3
1.1.2 Current-Source Inverters. . . 6
1.1.3 Resonant Load Inverters ... 8
1.2 Types of Semiconductor Devices.
Supply and Load Imperfections. Filters 11
1.2.1 Types of Semiconductor Devices ... 11
1.2.2 DC-Supply Imperfection. Input Filter 16
1.2.3 AC-Load Imperfection. Output Filter 20
1.2.4 Remarks on Reversibility ...... . 23
1.3 Principal Applications. Consequences on the Study ...... . 28
1.3.1 Constant Frequency and Voltage Supplies ..... . 28
1.3.2 Speed Variation of AC-Current Motors ..... . 31
1.3.3 Load-Resonant Inverter Applications 35
Bibliography ..................... . 37
Chapter 2
Voltage-Source Inverters
with One Square-Pulse per Half-Cycle 38
2.1 Single-Phase Inverter with Centre-Tapped Transformer. . . . . 39
2.1.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .......... . 39
2.1.2 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter ........... . 47
2.2.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . 47
2.2.2 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter. . ....... . 53
2.3.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . 54
2.3.2 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.3.3 Comparison of the Three Single-Phase Voltage-Source
Inverters ............................ . 69
Description:This is the final volume in a four-volume series concerning POWER ELEC TRONIC CONVERTERS. The first volume studies AC/DC conversion, the second studies AC/ AC conversion, and the third DC/DC conversion. This final volume deals with DC/AC conversion, i.e. with inverters. At the output of an inverte
