Table Of ContentPower Converters for
Electric Vehicles
Power Converters for
Electric Vehicles
L. Ashok Kumar
S. Albert Alexander
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xiii
Authors Biography ...................................................................................................xv
Introduction ............................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Indian Automobile Industry—An Overview .............................3
1.3 Brief History of Electrical Vehicles ........................................13
1.4 Electric Vehicles (EVs) ............................................................20
1.4.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) ..................................22
1.4.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) ..................................23
1.4.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) ...................25
1.4.4 Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) ............................25
1.5 Configuration of an Electric Vehicle .......................................29
1.5.1 General EV Setup .......................................................29
1.6 Hybrid Electric Vehicles ..........................................................34
1.7 Energy Sources ........................................................................38
1.7.1 Ultra-Capacitors (UCs)...............................................43
1.7.2 Fuel Cell (FC) .............................................................45
1.7.3 Flywheel .....................................................................48
1.8 Motors Used ............................................................................51
1.8.1 Brushed DC Motor .....................................................52
1.8.2 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) .....52
1.8.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) .....53
1.8.4 Induction Motor (IM) .................................................53
1.8.5 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) ...........................54
1.8.6 Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM) .................55
1.8.7 PM-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor ............55
1.8.8 Axial Flux Ironless Permanent Magnet Motor ..........56
1.9 Charging Systems ....................................................................58
1.9.1 AC Charging ..............................................................60
1.9.2 DC Charging ..............................................................60
1.9.3 Wireless Charging ......................................................61
1.10 Power Conversion Techniques .................................................63
1.10.1 Converters for Wired Charging ..................................64
1.10.2 Systems for Wireless Charging ..................................74
1.11 Effects of EVs ..........................................................................79
1.11.1 Impact on the Power Grid ..........................................79
1.11.1.1 Negative Impacts ........................................79
1.11.1.2 Positive Impacts ..........................................82
v
vi Contents
1.12 Barriers to EV Adoption ..........................................................88
1.12.1 Technological Problems .............................................88
1.12.1.1 Limited Range ............................................88
1.12.1.2 Long Charging Period ................................88
1.12.1.3 Safety Concerns ..........................................88
1.12.2 Social Problems ..........................................................89
1.12.2.1 Social Acceptance ......................................89
1.12.2.2 Insufficient Charging Stations ....................89
1.12.3 Economic Problems....................................................89
1.12.3.1 High Price ...................................................89
1.12.4 Optimization Techniques ...........................................90
1.13 Control Algorithms..................................................................92
1.14 Trends and Future Developments ............................................99
Further Reading ................................................................................104
Chapter 2 Bidirectional Converter Topologies for Plug-In
Electric Vehicles ...............................................................................117
2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................117
2.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................118
2.3 Bidirectional Converters ........................................................119
2.4 Bidirectional AC/DV Converters for Plug-In EV with
Reduced Conduction Losses ..................................................124
2.5 Topology Explanation ............................................................127
2.5.1 Plug-In Charging Mode ............................................127
2.5.2 Propulsion Mode ......................................................127
2.5.2.1 Boost Operation ........................................127
2.5.2.2 Buck Operation .........................................127
2.5.2.3 Regenerative Braking Operation ..............128
2.5.2.4 Boost Operation ........................................128
2.5.2.5 Buck Operation .........................................128
2.6 Simulation and Results ..........................................................128
Further Reading ................................................................................130
Chapter 3 Bidirectional Battery Charger for an Electric Vehicle .....................133
3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................133
3.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................133
3.3 Bidirectional Power Flow Converters....................................134
3.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................134
Further Reading ................................................................................139
Chapter 4 Bidirectional Dual Active Converter for Vehicle to Grid ................141
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................141
4.2 Dual-Active-Bridge DC–DC Converter ................................142
Contents vii
4.3 Types of Bridge Converters ...................................................142
4.3.1 Types of Bidirectional DC–DC
Converters (BDCs) ...................................................142
4.4 DC Microgrids .......................................................................143
4.4.1 Electric Vehicles .......................................................143
4.5 Enhanced Load Step Response for a Bidirectional
DC–DC Converter .................................................................143
4.5.1 Soft-Switching ..........................................................144
4.5.2 Batteries ....................................................................144
4.6 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology .......................................144
4.6.1 Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) and
Zero-Current Switching (ZCS) ................................144
4.7 Topologies of a DAB Converter ............................................144
4.8 Simulation and Results ..........................................................145
4.9 Triple-Phase-Shift Control ....................................................147
Further Reading ................................................................................152
Chapter 5 Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for
Ultra-Capacitor Applications ...........................................................155
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................155
5.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................156
5.3 Three-Level Buck–Boost Topology .......................................156
5.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................158
Further Reading ................................................................................161
Chapter 6 Integrated Bidirectional Converters for Plug-In
HEV Applications ............................................................................163
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................163
6.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................164
6.3 Flow of Operation ..................................................................164
6.3.1 Regenerative Braking Mode .....................................164
6.3.2 Propulsion .................................................................165
6.3.3 AC/DC Battery Charging .........................................165
6.3.4 DC/DC Battery Charging ........................................165
6.3.5 Vehicle to Grid Mode ...............................................165
6.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................165
6.5 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle ............................................169
6.6 Novel Eight-Switch Inverter ..................................................172
6.7 Bidirectional DC/DC Interleaved Converter .........................172
References ........................................................................................175
Further Reading ................................................................................177
viii Contents
Chapter 7 Direct Conversion of an AC–DC Converter for
Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles ...................................................................179
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................179
7.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................180
7.3 Converter Topology ...............................................................180
7.4 Simulation ..............................................................................182
Further Reading ................................................................................187
Chapter 8 Resonant Converter for a Bidirectional EV Charger........................189
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................190
8.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................191
8.3 Topology and Analysis ..........................................................192
8.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................194
Further Reading ................................................................................199
Chapter 9 Isolated Bidirectional AC–DC Converter for a DC
Distribution System ..........................................................................201
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................201
9.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................201
9.3 Isolated Bidirectional Converter Topology ...........................203
9.4 System Design .......................................................................204
9.5 Simulation and Results ..........................................................207
Further Reading ................................................................................211
Chapter 10 Bidirectional T-Type Converter Topology for
EV Applications ...............................................................................213
10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................213
10.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................214
10.3 Converter Topology ...............................................................215
10.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................215
Further Reading ................................................................................220
Chapter 11 Multilevel Two-Quadrant Converter for
Regenerative Braking .......................................................................221
11.1 Introduction ...........................................................................221
11.2 Converter Topology ...............................................................222
11.3 Multilevel Buck Converter ....................................................223
11.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................224
Further Reading ................................................................................225
Contents ix
Chapter 12 Multiphase Integrated On-board Charger for
Electric Vehicles ...............................................................................227
12.1 Introduction ...........................................................................227
12.2 Converter Topology ...............................................................228
12.3 Simulation ..............................................................................229
Further Reading ................................................................................231
Chapter 13 Split Converter-Fed SRM Drive for Flexible Charging in EV
and HEV Applications .....................................................................233
13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................233
13.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................234
13.3 Charging Control Strategy ....................................................235
13.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................236
Further Reading ................................................................................238
Chapter 14 Wireless Topology for EV Battery Charging ...................................243
14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................243
14.2 Literature Survey ...................................................................243
14.3 Wireless Topology .................................................................245
14.4 Simulation and Results ..........................................................247
Further Reading ................................................................................251
Index ......................................................................................................................253
