pottery, continuity, and cult in late archaic andc la ssicalcrete ab stract

50 Pages·2008·6.32 MB·English

A P H RATI AN D
HESPERIA 7I (2002)
Pages
4I-90
KATO SYME
POTTERYC, ONTINUITYA, ND
CULTI N LATEA RCHAIC
AN D C LAS S I CA L C RE T E
ABS TRACT
The analysiso f ceramicsfr omA phratis hedsv aluablen ew light on the his-
toryo fthis Cretans ettlemenat ndo n its relationshiwp itha nearbyr urasl anc-
tuarya t Kato Symei n the LateA rchaica nd Classicalp eriods.I t has long
beenh eld thatA phratiw as desertedf romc a. 600 to 400 A potteryd e-
B.C.
posit fromt he domesticq uarterh, owevern, ow supportso ccupationo f the
city duringt his period.A ceramicc lassificationsy stemi s presenteda ndt he
morphologicadl evelopmenat nd absolutec hronologyo f severalk ey shapes
atAphratia ndK atoS ymea rep lotted.H istoricailm plicationos fthe ceramic
evidencea rea lsoe xplored.
To date,t he mosti mpressivfein dso f the historicaGl reekp eriodsf rom
Aphratit,h e site of a polisi n EastC rete( Fig.1 ), consisto f graveg oods
fromt heG eometriacn dO rientalizinbgu riagl rounde xcavatebdy t heI tal-
iansi n the 1920su ndert hed irectionof DoroL evi.1O n theb asiso f mag-
nificentt ombf urnishingsL, evi inferredth e existenceo f an important
7th-centursye ttlemenatt A phratWi. ithf ewe xceptionns,o neo fthem ater-
ial fromL evi'se xcavationcso mmandas datel atert hant he 7th century.
Fort hisr easonL, evic oncludedth atA phratsi uffereda majorr eversaalf -
ter ca. 600 s.c.2 Basedo n this conclusionh, istorianhs avep resupposed
a majord isruptioonf culta tt hen earbryu rasla nctuarayt K atoS ymec om-
mensuratwe ith the presumedb reaki n occupationa t AphratiD. idier
Viviersf,o llowingth e preliminarcyo nclusionosf the sanctuarye'xs cava-
tor,A ngelikiL ebessin, otesa progressivdei minutiono f offeringas t the
sanctuariyn the courseo f the 6th centuryV. iviersi nterprettsh is phe-
nomenona st he effecto f a widespreaedc onomicd eclineo f the areaw, ith
1. Levi 1927-1929,p . 528. the exceptiono f a 5th-centuryin scrip- to Hoffmann( 1972,p p.4 2-44), the
2. Levi 1927-1929,p . 528, followed tion,I C I v 4, whichr ecordsa dedica- lateste xampleos f inscribedb ronze
by Boardman1 982,p . 227;W atrous tionm adet o Athena.L evi( 1927-1929, armorf romt he Aphrathi oardd, is-
1982,p . 23; Huxley1 994,p . 128.T he pp.2 2, 37) reportsfi ndinga stray cussedb elowd, atet o ca.6 00-575.
epigraphicarle corda t Aphratgi ives Argives ilverc oini n the courseo f his Viviers( 1994,p p.2 41-244) briefly
littlei ndicationo f subsequenatc tivity excavationds,a tedb y him to the third summarizetsh e archaeologicdails -
in the 6th or followingc enturyw, ith quarteor f the 5th centuryA. ccording coveriesa t Aphrati.
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0 5 10 15 2t) Milas
1) 5 10 15 ZQ tS 3{) Kilometree;
Figure1 . Map of Crete.A fterT alber2t 000,m ap6 0
APHRATI AND KATO SYME 43
particularsleyv erer epercussiofnosr t hes anctuaryF.3ro mV iviersp'e rspec-
tive,t her ootc auseli esi n a reorganizatioonf t het erritorieosf Biennosa nd
Dattallai n responseto the growtho f theirp owerfunl eighborL, yktos.
Viviersa ttributetsh e supposeda bandonmenotf Aphrattio Lyktiana g-
gressionH. is reconstructiofunr thehr oldst hatt hes anctuarayt KatoS yme
fell out of use as a resulto f the politicasl ubjugatioonf Biennosa ndt he
absorptioonf its territorbyy Lyktosc a.6 00
B.C.
When andh ow this processo f territoriaelx pansionca mea bout,i f
indeeda "policyo"f Lyktiana ggressioenx istedi n the firstp lace,r emain
matteros f dispute.T4h e acknowledgeddif ficultoyf identifyinagn da ccu-
ratelyd atingt he post-Minoanc eramicfsr omK atoS ymeh as impeded
previouesf fortst o assesst he developmenotf the sanctuariyn theA rchaic
andC lassicapl eriodsa, ndt o clarifyth e historyo f settlemenitn thisp art
of CreteW. hetherth el acunaien thea rchaeologicraelc ordr eflecht istori-
calr ealityo r a problemo f archaeologicpael rceptioins opent o question.
Specialistws orkinga t individuasli teso n Creteh aven otedb reaksin the
ceramisce quencbe etweenc a.6 00a nd4 00 buth avem aden o effortt o
B.C.,
assemblteh e ceramice videncefr oma crossth e islandt o forma compre-
hensivep ictureo f localo r regionadl evelopmentsW.5i thoute stablished
ceramics equencesa,l l otherc ategorieosf archaeologiceavl idencela cka
chronologicaanl chor.6
The presenat rticleis intendedto establisha sequencoe f shapesa nd
ana bsolutceh ronologfyo rp otterya t the sanctuarTy.h e catalogueen tries
includea ll diagnostice xamplefsr omK atoS yme,a nd can thereforbe e
regardeads a comprehensipveu blicatioonf its LateA rchaica ndC lassical
potteryM. y presentatioonf the findsf romK atoS ymea ndA phrattir eats
thep otteryfr omb oths itest ogetherin a chronologicfaals hionI. proposea
regionaml odelo f consumptioanc cordintgo whichp ottersf romA phrati
suppliedth e sanctuarayt KatoS ymew itha continuousse rieso f drinking
cupso f a characteristsihca pea ndp aleb rownf abricb etweenc a.6 00 and
400.A domesticd epositf romA phratpi rovideasn i nvaluablceh ronologi-
calp ointo f referencfeo rt his sharedlo calc eramitcr aditionC. ontrartyo
the acceptedp ictureo f Cretand eclinet,h isc ollectiono f potteryd emon-
stratesc ontinuityo f activitya t botht he sanctuarayn ds ettlementI. fur-
thera rguet hata round4 00, Lyktosa, rivalp olis,r eplacedA phratai s the
3. Regardintgh e fateo f the sanctuary territortyo the southc oasto f Cretet ook Knossosis somethingo f an exceptions;e e
in the 6th centuryV, iviers( 1994,p . 256) placea t the endo f the 3rdc enturyV. iviers belown, . 127.M orris( 1998,p p.6 6-68)
concludes":L es anctuairne' estp ourtant (1994,p p.252-259),W atrous(1 982, discussetsh e problemo f potteryi dentifi-
pasl aissea l'abandonT."h e traditional pp.22-24), andH aggis( 1996,p p.415,
cation.
identificatioonf the site at Aphratai s 419, n. 117) arguet hatt he processb egan 6. The resultsp resentedh eres tem
ancientA rkadesh asr ecentlyb eenc hal- in the 6th centuryV. anE ffenterraen d froma morec omprehensivsetu dy( Erick-
lengedb y Viviers( 1994,p . 257),w ho Gondicas( 1999,p p.136-137)e xamine son 2000) of the islandp otterys tyles
offerst he alternativied entificatioonf the evidencefo rp oliticadl ependencies ca.6 0>400 I limitm y discussion
B.C.
Dattalla. of Lyktos. heret o Aphratai ndn eighborinsgi tes.
4. Chaniotis( 1996,p p.3 -5, 13-16) 5. Kanta'(s1 991,p .500) summaroyf While coinsm ightb e expectedto provide
regardtsh e formationo f powerfilCl re- the currenstt ateo f knowledgeo f the Cre- a reliablec hronologicaaln chorm, ostC re-
tanc ity-statews ith sizablet erritorieass tanc eramicr ecordd eservers epeating: tanp oleisd id not beginm intingu ntilt he
a creationo f the Hellenistica ge.V an <<th6et h and5 th centuryB .C. pottery secondh alfo f the 5th centuryi,f not later;
Effenterraen dB ougrat( 1969,p p.3 6-37) fromC reteh asn ot beenp ublishedo r see Le Rider1 966,p p. 173-174.
proposet hatt he expansiono f Lyktian studieda ndi s virtuallyu nknown."
44 BRICE L. ERICKSON
chiefs upplieorf potterya t the sanctuarIyn. the finals ectionI addrestsh e
historicailm plicationosf mys tudyb yf ocusingu ponC retanc ultp ractice
as a reflectiono f territoriaclo nflicta, rguingfo r an expropriatioonf the
frontiesra nctuarbyy L yktosc a.4 00 a fullt woc enturielsa tert hant he
B.C.,
datea dvocatebdy V iviers.
EXCAVATION AND CONTEXTS
APHRATI
Evidencien supporotf continueodc cupatioant A phratcio mesi n thef orm
of a potteryd epositf roma housei n the domesticq uarteorf the ancient
citye xcavatebdy t he GreekA rchaeologicSael rvice(F ig.1 ). Lebesspi ro-
videsa plano f the buildingin the preliminarrye porto f here xcavations
conductedin 1969.7T he house'sd estructiosne aleda layero f debriso ver
ther emainos f oneo f its floorsA. mongt he debriws asr ecoveread h osto f
intacth igh-neckecdu ps,r epresentativoefs a previousluyn knownC lassi-
cal Cretanc eramictr aditionT. he discoveroyf thesec upsi n association
withd atabllea mps( 85-88),d iscussebde lowp, lacest hed estructioonf the
housew ithint he narrowch ronologiclaiml itso f ca.4 25 and4 00 The
B.C.
size of this depositi,t s remarkabpler eservatioann, dt he presencoe f un-
usuallyg oode videncefo ri ts datec ombineto makei t a potentiacl orner-
stoneo f Cretanc hronologiyn the 5th century.
KATOS YME
Excavationcso nductedb y the GreekA rchaeologicSale rviceu ndert he
directiono f Lebessiin 1972d iscovereodn the remotes outhernfl ankso f
Mt. Dikten eart he modernv illageo f KatoS ymea smallo pen-airsa nctu-
aryd edicatejdo intlyi n the Hellenistipc eriodt o Aphroditae ndH ermes
(Fig.1 ).8T his identificatioins basedu pons ecuree pigraphicsaol urceisn
conjunctiowni tht hec haracteorf thef indsT. hee arliessti gnso f culta ctiv-
ity at KatoS ymed atet o the MiddleM inoanI B period.T9 he sanctuary
7. Lebessi( 1973,p . 459, fig.2 ,
experienceidts greatespt opularitdyu ringt he LateM inoanp eriodb, ut
pl. 402:a-b)b rieflyd escribetsh e
the siter etainedit s sacredc haracteirn laterh istoricatli mes.I ndeedK, ato
contentso f the deposita ndi llustrates
Symeh ousedo neo f thel ongest-livecdu ltsk nownin the ancienAt egean twol ampsa nda proto-Hadrhay dria.
worldT. he findsd ocumenat periodo f uninterrupteadc tivitya crossth e Preliminarsyt udyo f the findss ug-
normalltyu rbulenpte riodo f transitiofnr omt heL ateB ronzeto theE arly gestedt o her( p.4 60) a 5th-century
datef ort he depositP. riore videncefo r
IronA ge.T heL ateA rchaiacn dC lassicaple riodps resentth el astr emaining
occupationb etweenc a.6 00 andt he
obstaclteo documentinfigl llc ontinuitayt t hisC retancu ltc enter.
late-5th-centurdyo mesticd epositi s
The physicalla youto f the sanctuariyn the historicaGl reekp eriods
discussedb elown, . 17.
consistedo f a serieso f terracetsh atf ollowedth e naturaclo ntouros f the 8. The successivae rchaeological
hill.Thestee rraceisn, turns, upporteadn e xtensivoep en-aipr latformhi gher campaignsa,n dt heirp reliminary
resultsa, res ummarizebdy Lebessi
upt heh ill,e quippewd itha centraal ltara nda largeh earthT. he sanctuary
(1985).
also includeds ubsidiarbyu ildingso f uncertainfu nctionT. he mainf o-
9. Watrous(2 001,p p.2 17-218)
cus of cultc oncernedsa crificiaolf feringas ndt he ritualc onsumptioonf
surveysth e earlyh istoryo f the
fooda ndd rinkT. hesea ctivitiehsa vel eftt hem osts ubstantiatrl acesin the sanctuary.
APHRATI AND KATO SYME
45
materiarle cordin the formo f enormouds epositso f burnte arthm ixed
withb rokenp otterya nds acrificiadle brisS. tratifieLd ateM inoand epos-
its weref ounda t the deepeslte velsT. he thinners trataa bovec onsistedo f
disturbedfi ll, an indiscriminamtei xtureo f Minoanp otteryw ith an as-
sortmenot f GeometricA, rchaica, ndl aterm ateriaAl. lamentabllea cko f
"cleand"e positso f homogeneoufsi ll fromt he historicapl eriodsp osesa
speciapl roblemfo rt he studyo f thep ost-Minoapnh aseso f the sanctuary.
Amongt hem osts pectaculafirn dsf romt hes anctuariyn theh istorical
periodsa rea largec ollectiono f EarlyI ronA ge zoomorphibcr onzef igu-
rinesa nda richs erieso f Orientalizinbgr onzec utoutp laquesT. he bronze
cutoutp laquehs aveg eneratecdo nsiderabilne teresat monga rth istorians
becauseo f theirf ine executionl,i velys tyle,a ndr angeo f subjecmt atter.
Theyd epictt he principadl eitieso f the sanctuaroyr humanw orshippers
bearinga nimalsin tendedfo r sacrificeA. 7th-centurdy ateh asb eena s-
signedt o them ajoritoyf theseD aedalipc laqueos n stylisticg roundsP. ro-
ductionis thoughtt o haves ubsidedin the firstq uarteorf the 6th century.
Fort he remaindeorf the 6th centuryt,h e archaeologicraelc ordin dicates
ana lmostt otala bsencoe f metala rtifactsF.i fth-centurbyr onzefsr omt he
sanctuarrye maine quallye lusive.l°
THE POTTERY
The magnificencoef thesem etalo bjectfsr omt hes anctuarhya so vershad-
oweds tudya ndp ublicatioonf the potteryT. his is unfortunatsei,n cet he
ceramice videnceh ast he potentiatlo correctth e impressioonf declining
activityo r evena bandonmenoft the sanctuarbye tween6 00 and4 00
B.C.,
an impressiogne neratedp rincipallbyy the ebba ndf lowo f metalo ffer-
ings.M y studyo f the black-glospso tteryfr omK atoS ymei s the firste f-
forto f its kindt o recognizleo calc eramicosf LateA rchaica ndC lassical
date,e itherf romt hes anctuaroyr f romt hisr egiono f Crete.lTl he pottery
fromK atoS yme,i f the equationw ith a productiocne ntera t Aphratiis
correcta, ffordsa substantialfluy llerg limpseo f thesep eriodso f ceramic
developmentht ant hatp rovidebdy anyd iscoveriems adeu ntiln owa t the
presumecde ntero f productioant A phrati.
10. Fort he figurinefsr omt he centuryb ronzep laque( Lebessi1 974, debrisT. heseu pperl evelsc ontaineda
sanctuaryse, e Schurman1n9 96.F or p. 197,p l. 185:a)a; nda 5th-century mixtureo f Minoana ndl aterp otteryI.
the cutoutp laquess,e e Lebessi1 985. terracottpal aque( Lebessi1 977,p . 325, examineda ll savedf inew arer ecovered
PublishedL ateA rchaica ndC lassical pl. 257:c). duringt heset woy earso f excavationI.n
votivesf romt he sanctuariyn cludea 11.T he potteryf romK atoS ymei s additionI, selectivelysu rveyedp ottery
6th-centuryin scribedb ronzeh andle houseda t the HerakleionA rchaeologi- froms ubsequenyte arso f excavation,
(Lebessi1 975b,p . 191,p l. 193:c);a calM useumM. y studyc oncentrates concentratinogn boxeso f previously
6th-centuryb ronzef igurineo f a goat upona representativsae mpleT. he ex- sortedp ost-Minoanp otteryI. wasf or-
(Lebessi1 977,p . 325,p l. 256:b);a cavationos f 1972a nd1 973p rovedt o tunatet o haveA thanasiaK antaa s my
bronzef igurineo f a youthw ith an be the mostf ruitfilyl earsf ort he study guidei n the storeroomosf the Hera-
inscribedb ased atedt o the second of the post-Minoanp eriodss, incet hese kleionM useumi,n creasinmg y debtt o
quarteor f the 5th century( Lebessi initialc ampaignds ealtw ith the re- heri mmeasurably.
1990,p . 276, pls. 133:b,1 34:a)a; 5th- movalo f the upperl evelso f sacrificial
46 BRICE L. ERICKSON
FABRICA NALYSISA ND PROVENIENCE
Potterys pecialistws orkingo n Creteh aven otedt hatc eramicvsa ryc on-
siderableyv enb etweenn eighborinsgi tes.l2C onsideratioonf fabrict ex-
tureh, ardnesisn, clusionss,l ip,g loss,a ndo therv ariableass sistsa rchaeolo-
gistsi n determininfga brica ndw areg roups.Thceo nsistencoyf fabricc olor
in ana ssemblagise alsor elevanitn attemptintgo differentiaftae bricas nd
attributuen decoratepdo tteryto its source.lT3h e coloro f the fabricm ay
varya sa resulot f theu tilizatioonf differenctl ays ourcesd, ifferenceins the
preparatioann dt he firingo f the clayo, r a combinatioonf thesef actors.l4
Furthermorite i,s widelyr ecognizetdh atv ariationins fabricc olorm ayb e
duet o postdepositioncaoln ditionus nrelatetdo differenceins theo riginal
materiaol r variationin firing.F ort heser easonst,h e valueo f colora s a
meanso f characterizinfagb ricsh as occasionallbye en questionedT. he
emphasihs ereu ponc olora s a meanso f distinguishinCgr etanfa bricas nd
proposedp roductiozno nest hereforree quireesx planatioAn.s parto f my
programof dissertatiorne searchI ,h adt he opportunittyo examinela rge
quantitieosf unpublisheLda teA rchaica ndC lassicapl otteryfr oms itesa ll
overC retee, nablingm et o identifyte nr egionapl roductiocne ntersI.n my
estimationfa, bricc olorv ariesc onsiderabflryo mo nes itet o then ext,e ven,
somewhastu rprisingliyn, t he caseo f neighborinsgi tes.P ersonaelx peri-
enceh asl ed me to considecro lora, longsidfea bricte xtureh, ardnesss,l ip,
12. See Coldstream19 73b,p p.4 6-
andg loss,a s an importanfta ctori n differentiatinCgr etanf abricso n a
47.
macroscopliecv el.M y hypothesizewda reg roupsa nds ourcea ttributions, 13. Complicationasr isei n tryingt o
howeverw, ill needt o be testeda gainste videncefr omf uturef ieldwork, determinteh e exactp laceo f manufac-
ceramipc etrographayn, ds urveyos f clays ources. tureo n the basiso f fabrica lone.
Recognitiono f a "localf"a bricn eedn ot
The characteristfiacb rico f the LateA rchaica ndC lassicapl otterya t
implyt he exclusivem anufacturoef
KatoS ymec onsistso f a finec layo f a somewhacth alkyc onsistencfyir ed
potterya t a singles ite.A rnold( 1985,
to a veryp aleb rownc olor( MunselllO YR8 /3).1T5 he resemblancoef this pp.5 8-59) argueso n the basiso f
fabricto Corinthiafna bricis oftenc lose.A poord ullg loss,b lacko ro cca- ethnographiecv idenceth atn eighboring
sionallyst reakbyr owna ndp ronet o flakingi,s anotherd istinguishinfega - communitieass mucha s 12 to 18 km
apartm ighte xploito verlappinrge -
tureo f this groupT. he potterye xhibitsa remarkabdlee greeo f internal
sourcea reasi,n cludingc ommonc lay
consistencwy ithr espectto fabricte xtureh, ardnescs,o lora, ndg lossT. here
beds,t herebyin creasintgh e likelihood
arer easonfso rt hinkingth att hep otteryu seda tK atoS ymew asn otm anu-
of a singler egionafla bric.
facturedat the sanctuarLy.o calm anufactuoref potterys eemss omewhat 14. Sinopoli1 991,p p. 12-13;
unlikelyg, ivent he remotel ocationo f the sanctuarayn dt he absenceo f Orton,T yersa, ndV ince1 993,p p. 132-
138.
excavatekdi lnsk, ilnw asterso,r others ignso f ceramipc roductiosnu cha s
15.T his fabricc ontainsv eryf ew
potteryw heelsW. hilen egativee videnceo f thisk indi s hardlyd ecisive-
inclusionvs isiblet o the nakede ye.I t is
and thus the sanctuarrye mainsa possiblec andidatefo r production-
relativelsyo ft andp owderyT. he color
stylisticc onsiderationdsis cussebde lows uggesta notherp ossibility. occasionallbyo rderso n reddishy ellow
A morel ikelys cenariop ositsa productiocne ntera t a nearbyse ttle- (Munsel7l .5YR7 /6).
menta st hes upplieorf potteryto the sanctuarAy.p hratai ndP yrgoss tand 16. Eiring( 2000,p . 54) character-
izes the Hellenisticfa brico f Pyrgosa s
out as the two mostp romisingca ndidatefso r the placeo f manufacture
"softp, owderya, ndv eryp ale."A nother
on the basiso f reportedfa bricc olora ndc onsistency.Bl6o th sitesl ie in
obviousc andidatoe n the basiso f geo-
closep roximittyo KatoS yme( Fig.1 ),w hichs uggesttsh ata paleb rown graphicp roximittyo the sanctuariys
fabricw asc haracteristoifc the regionF. abricc olort hush asi ts limitsi n the ancientp olisB iennosT. he standard
revealingex actp rovenanceev, enu ndera pparentlfya vorablceo nditions. paleb rownf abrica t KatoS ymes eems
Of thet wos uggestepdl aceso f manufacturAep, hratsie emst hem oreli kely. to be identicailn everyr espectt o the
predominatfea brico f a serieso f re-
Whilet he Graeco-Romasnet tlemenatt Pyrgosr emainus nexcavateadn d
markablpeo lychromvee sselsf romL ate
its ceramict raditionp oorlyu nderstooda,t Aphratia discerniblleo cal
Orientalizintgo mbsa t Aphratis;e e
traditionex istsw hich,a lthougho ncet houghtt o havec onsistedso lelyo f Levi1 927-1929,p p.5 30-532.
APHRATI AND KATO SYME 47
the materiaflr omt he Geometrica nd Orientalizintgo mbs,i s now un-
derstoodto havei ncludeda thin representatioonf 6th-centurrye sidual
materiaTl. his materiadl erivefsr oma buildings outheasot f the acropolis
excavatebdy Lebessi.l7
In additionth, el aterd omestidc eposiftr omA phratmi, entioneadb ove,
documentpsr oductioonf high-neckedd rinkingcu psi n the finalq uarter
ofthe 5thc enturyT.h esec upse xhibiat ni denticaflo rma ndf abricto those
of contemporapryo tteryfr omK atoS ymeP. eculiaritieosf thiss tyle,m ost
prominenttlyh ep enannularrin gu nderfooat,r ef oundi n thel ocalf abrica t
virtuallnyo otherC retans ite.T he availableev idencpe ointst o Aphratai s
the sourceo f the paleb rownp otterya t KatoS yme,a lthoughn aturally
Pyrgocs annobt ew hollye xcludeads a na lternativsoe urceo fv otivesM. ore-
over,t he possibilityca nnotb e ruledo ut thatB iennoso r anothera s yet
unexcavatesdit ew illp roducpe otteryo f closelys imilarst ylet o thato f the
sanctuarAy. d ecisivec onclusiomn usta waitf urtheerx ploratioonf thea rea
andg reateur nderstandinogf t he localp otterys tyles.
Aphratmi usth aveb eent hes iteo f ani mportanCt lassicapl olis,a lter-
nativeliyd entifiedei thera sA rkadeosr D attalla.Il8 s uggesto, nt heg rounds
of a commonfa brica ndt hee xactc orrespondenocfe f ormst,h atA phratiis
likelyt o haveb eent hes upplieorf potteryfo rt hen earbsya nctuartyh rough-
outt heL ateA rchaica ndE arlyC lassicaple riodsA. settlemenwt itha long
traditiono f potterym anufactuirse a morep robablseo urceo f production
thana remotem ountainsa nctuarIyf. i t is the caset hatp otteryp roduction
tookp lacea t KatoS ymet, hent heo bservedsi milaritbye tweenth es anctu-
arys tylea ndt hato f the settlemenwt ouldr aiset hep ossibilittyh atp otters
eitherf romA phratoi rt rainedin thel ocals choolw orkeda tt hes anctuary.
The modelo f consumptioand vancehde rer emaintse ntativpe endingfu -
turee ffortst o definec laya ndi nclusionso urcesk, ilns ites,a nds patiaal nd
temporadl istinctionIst. is evenc onceivablhe,o weveru nlikelyt,h atK ato
Symes uppliedp otteryto the settlement.
Around4 00,o rs hortlyth ereafte(rth ec hronologiys discussebde low),
the predominanpta leb rownf abrica t the sanctuarayb ruptlgya vew ayt o
a new one,o f an entirelyd ifferenct haractearn dp resumablay d ifferent
originR. eplacintgh ep aleb rownf abrica t the sanctuariys onew iths ilver
micaa nda darkr eddish-browhnu e( Munsel2l .5YR5 /6 to 5YR5 /4).T he
primardyi stinguishinfega tureo fthis newf abricis its extremceo arseness,
whichm akesi t a raritya mongt he ClassicaCl retanf abricse mployedin
thep roductioonf drinkincgu psa ndo therf ine-warseh apes.lA9 s a general
rule,g rittyf abricis moret ypicaol f cookinga ndc oarsew aresE. vidently
17. In the preliminarrye portso f her wasd iscoveredn earA phratai t Orthi thatp ottersc hoosed ifferenct layso r
excavationLs,e bessi( 1970,p . 416, Petras; ee Lebessi1 983. temperingm aterialisn the manufacture
fig. 1, pls.4 25-426;1 973,p p.4 57, 459, 18. See aboven, . 3. of vesselsi ntendedf ord ifferenpt ur-
figs.1 -2) describetsh e discoveryo f a 19.A multiplicitoyf fabricsa t a sin- poses.Y eta t KatoS ymet herei s no
largeq uadrangulbaru ildings outheasot f gle site canb e interpreteidn various indicationth atf unctionacla tegorieos f
the acropolihs ill,a buildingt hats he ways.A varietyo f fabricsis a conceiv- potteryp layeda determininrgo lei n the
interpretass a shrineT. he reportsm en- ableo utcomeo f a productionce nter characteorf the fabricG. rittyr eddish-
tionv olumeso f Geometrica ndO rien- whoseo utputi ncludeda rangeo f brownf abrics uddenlyb ecamet he pre-
talizingf indsa longw ith a scattero f 6th- coarsec, ookinga, ndf ine-waresh apes; ferredf abricf or thew holer angeo f
centurym aterialI. haven ot seent he see Stissi1 999,p . 87. Plog (1980, Cretans hapesa t the sanctuarya,s typical
potteryf romt hisb uildingI. n addition, pp. 86-88) examinees thnographic of largec oarseb asinsa s of the finest
a tombo f presumed6 th-centuryd ate evidencein supporot f the conclusion drinkingc ups.
48 BRICE L. ERICKSON
this new fabricw as incapabloe f takinga fine coloreds lip.A fabrico f
apparentltyh e samec haracteristidciss tinguisheLs yktosf roma ll other
Cretanp roductiocne nters( Fig.1 ). A coarser eddish-browfnab ricw ith
silverm icam ayw ellb e a signaturter aito f Lyktianfi ne-warpe roduction
duringth e Classicaaln dE arlyH ellenistipc eriodsT. he siteo f Lyktosr e-
mainsl argelyu nexploreda,l thougha serieso f campaignusn dertakebny
the GreekA rchaeologicSael rviceh asb roughtto lightH ellenistipc hases
of occupation.T2h0 e materiaflr omt hesee xcavationdse rivesfr oma de-
structiond epositd atedt o the 3rdc enturyB .C.a, findp lausiblcyo nnected
witha documentedde structioonf Lyktosa tt hec onclusioonf theL yktian
20. See Platon1 952,p .480; 1957,
Wari n 221.A ftere xaminintgh ism ateriaIl, c oncludedth att he 4th-cen-
p.336;A lexiou1 969,p .539. Lebessi
turyp otteryf romK atoS ymei ssuesf romt he sames ourcea s the later
(1975a,p p.494-496,p ls.512-513)
Lyktianw ares.2Y1e tt hisi dentificatiocna nnotb e confirmebdy exactc or- reportsth e discoveryo f Archaicp ithoi
respondencbee tweenc eramicfo rmsf romo ne sitet o the next,s incet he in a Hellenisticd estructiolne vel.T he
ceramirce corda tL yktosr emainas b lankd uringm ucho fthe 6th,5 th,a nd excavatedn ecropoliosf Lyktosh as
yieldedl ocala ndA tticp otteryd atedt o
4th centuriesL. yktosp rovideyse t anothere xamploe f the needt o clarify
the secondh alfo f the 4th centurys;e e
the localf abricsa nd potterys tyleso f the ClassicaCl retanp roduction
Lebessi1 980,p . 886,p l. 661. Fori m-
centers. portedH ellenisticb lack-glosps ottery
While the vastm ajorityo f the LateA rchaica nd Classicapl ottery fromL yktoss, ee Englezou2 000.
fromK atoS ymef allsn eatlyu ndert heg enerarl ubrico f eitherp aleb rown 21. I extendm y profoundth anks
to MariaE nglezouo f the Herakleion
org rittyr eddish-browfanb ricn, otablee xceptionosc cura, si n thec aseo f a
ArchaeologicMal useumf orp ermitting
smallc upc haracterizebdy a hemisphericbaol wla nda shortu prighrt im
me to examineth e Hellenisticm aterial
(110),a commonC retanty pet hatc anb e datedt o ca.5 00-480.2A2 nother
fromL yktosS. he agreesw ithm y
exceptionis a cupb asew ith a splayedp edestasl tand( 109),w hosep ro- identificatioonf Lyktosa s the probable
posedd ateo f ca.4 25-400r estsu pong eneraslt ylisticg roundas nds pecific sourceo f the 4th-centuryp otteryf rom
KatoS yme.H ere,r eassuringlwy,e have
parallelws ithc upsf romG ortynT. he finep aler edf abric(M unsel2l .5YR
the publishedo bservationosf another
6/8) seeni n bothe xamplessu ggeststh att heya reG ortynianim ports.23
pairo f scholarws ho independently
The cupb asei s coatedw ith a lustroubs lackg losso f uncommonlhyi gh
reachedth e samec onclusionth atg ritty
qualitya, notherc haracteristoicf Gortynianp roductioinn the Classical redf abricis a hallmarkof Lyktian
period. fine-warep roductionR. egardintgh e
fabrico f the potteryf romt he Hellenis-
tic contexta t LyktosC, allaghana nd
SIXTH_CENTURYPO TTERY(1 -27) Jones( 1985,p p.14-15) remark,"the
provincialitoyf its localc eramicin -
OINOCHOE( 1)
dustryis quitec learT. he vastm ajority
of its 'black-glazedsh' apesa rem adeo f
Myp resentatioonf the findsf romA phratai ndK atoS ymef ollowsa chro-
a redg rittyc laya nda rec overedw ith a
nologicaal rrangemen(pt roceedinfgr omc losedt o opens hapesl,a rget o
thind ullw ash.S omes hapesw, hich
smallw, ithine achp eriod)I. postponea detailedd iscussioonf thec ontents wouldh aveb eeng lazeda t Knossosa, re
of the5 th-centurdyo mestidc eposiat tA phratui ntilt hea ppropriaptela ce left plain."
in the chronologicasel quenceA. n oinochoef romt his deposit( Fig.2 ) is 22. Unpublishedex amplefsr om
Knossosd, epositR R:H( seeC old-
treatedh ereb ecauseit suggestsa 6th-centurdya teo n the basiso f style.
stream1 973b),p rovidea dateo f
Thish igh-neckedb,r oad-bottomeodin ochoeis decoratewd itha separate
ca.500-480 fort he type.
tonguep atterno n the shouldera ndb ottom.A 7th-centurCy orinthian 23. My reasonsfo r ascribintgh is
prototyplei esb ehindt hep roductioonf thisu nusuaCl retans hape. lightr edf abrict o a separatCe retan
Aphratsi eemst o haves pecializedin copieso f Corinthiajnu gs,t o productionce ntera t Gortyna red is-
cussedm oref ullyi n Ericksoni,n press.
judgef romn umerouesx ampleosf localm anufactufrreo mt he7 th-century
24. Levi( 1927-1929,p .220,
cemetery.T24h e oinochoef romt he domesticd epositd iffersf romt hese
fig.247) illustrateasn examplefr om
earlieerx ampleisn twor espectsF. irstt, hed ecoratioenx hibitas na pparent
his excavationosf the Orientalizing
simplificatioonf the 7th-centursyc hemeM. ostn otablein thisr especits cemeterya t Aphrati.
APHRATI AND KATO SYME 49
Figure2 . Oinochoe. Scalec a. 1:2
the tonguep atterna, secondarmy otifo f 7th-centurpyo ttersw, hichn ow
occupietsh e entires houldeorf theo inochoeI.n contrast7,t h-centurpyo t
painterfsr omA phratfia vorn arrowzo neso f decoratiocno mposeodf smaller
elementsS. econdt,h eb aseo rs tandi ndicatedb yt heb rokenp rotrusioant
the bottomo f thej ug probablrye flectsa 6th-centurdye velopmensti,n ce
thisf eatureis absentf rom7 th-centurjyu gs.T he lacko f anythingre sem-
blinga serieos f 7th-o r6 th-centurjuyg so fthist ypec omplicataesn ya ttempt
to datet hisv esselA. ll in all,t he differencebso thi n forma ndd ecoration
betweenth iso inochoea ndi ts 7th-centurpyr edecessoarsr er elativelmy i-
nor,s o I amr eluctantto accepta datef ori t latert hant he firsth alfo f the
6th century.
1 Oinochoeb, ody Fig.2 9.4 cm. Paleb rown( 1OYR8 /3).
Decoratedw ith a separatet ongue
Aphrati1. 969.A5H. igh-necked,
patterna longt he shouldera nd bottom.
broad-bottomoedin ochoeF. ragmen-
Firsth alf of the 6th century(?).
taryn ecka ndb aseD. iam.( max.)
CUPS,D EEPA NDS HALLOWVA RIETIE(S2 -8)
The 6th-centurcye ramicr epertoiraet the sanctuarcyo nsistsc hieflyo f
cups,o f whicht hreet ypesp redominatTeh. e firstt wot ypes( Fig.3 ) signal
the strengtho f an independenlot calt raditionw, hilet he thirdc ategory
manifestds irectb orrowinfgr oma mainlandG reeks ourceT. he firstt ype
of cupi s composedo f a broadb owlw ith a wideo peninga t the mouth,
whoses horti nsetr ime itherf lareso ri s outturne(d2 -6).T hec onvexsh oul-
dero f preserveedx amplerse commendrse constructinthge cupa s a deep
25. See Boardmaann dH ayes1 973,
shapeA. secondv arietyo f cup,o f equala ncestrayt the sanctuareyx, hibits
pp.37-38,no.2104,fig. 16,pl.20,
ca.5 75-550 a differenpt rofiled efinedb y a narrowesrh oulderd,e pressebdo dilyp ro-
B.C.
26. See Boardmaann dH ayes1 966, portionsa, nda hemisphericbaol wl( 7-8). This cupi s likewisee quipped
p.78. witha shorto utturnerdi m.
27. I owea debto f gratitudteo
The datingo f theset wot ypeso f cup,b otht he deepa ndt he shallow
NikolaosS tampolidisth, e directoro f
varietiesd,e pendus ponp arallelws ithm ateriaflr omb etter-datecdo ntexts
the excavationosf the Universityo f
Cretea t OrthiP etraf, or invitingm e to elsewheroen Cretea, t Knossoas ndE leuthernao,r fromt he Greeko ver-
studyt he unpublisheLd ateA rchaic seasc olonya tTocraL, ibyaO. ne-handleCd retanm ugsf romT ocrae xhibit
andC lassicafli ndsf romh is excavations a similarp rofilet o the deepero f the two sanctuarsyh apes.2S5i ncea re-
(EleuthernaT,o measI II).T he 6th-
portedlyp aleb rownf abricis characteristoicf the exportsfr omT ocraa,
centuryd atef ort he paralleils based
sharedso urcew itht hes upplieorf thes anctuarayt KatoS ymei s a distinct
upons ecures tratifiedd epositsw hose
contentsin cluded atableim ported possibility.A26 c upo f similarc onceptionto the deeperv arietyfr omK ato
Laconianp ottery. Symew as producedlo callya t Eleuthernain the 6th century,2a7n d a
BRICE L. ERICKSON
5o
similatry peo f cupa ppearast Knossobs yt hee ndo f the6 thc entury.T28h e
evidencseu ggestas progressioinn the6 th centuryfr oma cupw itha high
flaringr imt o a shorto ne,e ithere vertedo r uprightw, ith hemispherical
bodilyp roportionesv entuallgyi vingw ayt o a deeperm, orev oluminous
form.I t seemsc learj,u dgingf romt he streamlinepdr oportionosf a de-
scendanot f the cupa t KatoS yme( 6),t hatt hisc lassf elta lateri nfluence
fromt he repertoiroef the ClassicaKl nossianlo w-neckedcu po r another
similasro urcoe ni tsd evelopmentT.2h9e s econdty peo f cupa tK atoS yme
the shallowv arietyw itha hemisphericbaol wl( 7, 8) is datablbe y refer-
encet o cupsi n late-7th-o r early-6th-centudreyp ositsfr omE leutherna.
2 ) ( 5 )
3 ) 7 ?
6 ) | (
(,
4 ) I ( 8 >
Figure3 . Cup rims. Scale1 :3
2 Deep cup,r im and Fig. 3 6 Deep cup,r im and Fig.3
shoulder shoulder
KatoS yme (1977). Level 1, Kato Syme (1972). Level2 ,
OM87. Diam. (rim) 13.1 cm. Pale OM5. Diam. (rim) 11.0 cm. Pale
brown( 1OYR8 /3). Blackg loss. 6th brown( 1OYR8 /3). Blackg loss. 5th
century. century.
3 Deep cup,rimand Fig. 3 7 Hemisphericalcup,rim Fig. 3
shoulder and shoulder
Kato Syme (1972). Level2 , KatoS yme (1972). Level 4,
OM5. Diam. (rim) 13.0 cm. Pale OM67. Diam. (rim) 11.4 cm. Pale
brown( 1OYR8 /3). Blackg loss. 6th brown( 1OYR8 /3). Blackg loss. 6th
century. century.
4 Deepc up,rima nd Fig.3 8 Hemisphericalcup,rimF ig.3 28. The Knossianc upc omesf rom
shoulder ands houlder an unpublisheCd lassicawl ell deposit
fromt he StratigraphicMalu seum
KatoS yme( 1972).L evel1 1, KatoS yme( 1972).L evel6 ,
Excavation(sJ /JN7.4987)O. n typo-
OM21.D iam.( rim)1 1.6c m.P ale OM17.D iam1 1.3c m,o f rim1 1.1
logicalg roundsi,t ranksa mongt he
brown( 1OYR8/ 3).B lackg loss.6 th cm.P aleb rown(1 OYR8/ 3).B lack
earliespt otteryf romt he well.I am
century. gloss.6 thc entury.
gratefutlo PeterW arrenfo rp ermission
to mentionu npublishefdin dsf romh is
5 Deep cup,r im and Fig. 3
recente xcavationasn df org ivings o
shoulder
generousloyf his time.
KatoS yme (1977). Level 2, 29. The "Shrineo f Glaukosa"t
OM35. Diam. (rim) 11.2 cm. Pale Knossosp rovidetsh e closestp arallels
brown( 1OYR8 /3). Blackg loss. 6th fort his shapes; ee Callaghan1 978,
century. pp.6 -7, nos. 10-12, fig. 5, pl. 2.