Potential use of solar energy and emerging technologies in micro irrigation

360 Pages·2017·8.891 MB·English

by  Ghosal, M. K., Goyal, Megh Raj

POTENTIAL USE OF
SOLAR ENERGY AND
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
IN MICRO IRRIGATION

Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation
VOLUME 4
POTENTIAL USE OF
SOLAR ENERGY AND
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
IN MICRO IRRIGATION
Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Manoj K. Ghosal, PhD
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Potential use of solar energy and emerging technologies in micro irrigation / edited by Megh R.
Goyal, PhD, PE, Manoj K. Ghosal, PhD.
(Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; volume 4)
Includes bibliographical references and index.

Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-364-1 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-77188-365-8 (pdf)
1. Microirrigation. 2. Microirrigation--Technological innovations. 3. Photovoltaic power
generation. 4. Solar energy. I. Goyal, Megh Raj editor II. Ghosal, M. K., author, editor III.
Series: Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation ; v. 4
S619.T74P68 2016 631.5’87 C2016-906162-0 C2016-906163-9
CIP data on file with US Library of C o ngress
Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
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CONTENTS
List of Contributors ......................................................................................vii
List of Abbreviations .....................................................................................ix
Preface ..........................................................................................................xi
Warning/Disclaimer ...................................................................................xvii
About Senior Editor-in-Chief ......................................................................xix
About Coeditor ............................................................................................xxi
Endorsements for This Book Volume ........................................................xxiii
Other Books on Micro Irrigation Technology
from Apple Academic Press, Inc. ................................................................xxv
PART I: BASICS OF MICRO IRRIGATION .....................................................1
1. Water and Nutrient Management in Drip Irrigation in India: Review .....3
U. Surendran, V. Kumar, K. Madhava Chandran, and E. J. Joseph
2. Design of Trickle Irrigation Systems ...........................................................39
I. Pai Wu and Harris M. Gitlin
3. Selected Design Examples of Drip Irrigation Systems ..............................71
Vishal K. Chavan
4. Gravity-Feed Drip Irrigation for Agricultural Crops .............................105
Bernard Omodei and Richard Koech
PART II: POTENTIAL OF SOLAR ENERGY IN MICRO IRRIGATION ...125
5. Portable Solar Photovoltaic Powered Pumping System for
Micro-Irrigation System in Vegetable Cultivation ...................................127
M. K. Ghosal
6. Thermal Modeling of a Solar Greenhouse for Water Saving and
Sustainable Farming ...................................................................................161
M. K. Ghosal
7. Use of Green Energy Sources for Micro Irrigation Systems ...................191
M. K. Ghosal
vi Contents
PART III: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ....................................................219
8. Nutrient Management Through Drip Fertigation to Improve
the Yield and Quality of Mulberry Crop ..................................................221
K. Arunadevi, P. K. Selvaraj, and V. Kumar
9. Water Use Efficiency for Bell Pepper (Capsicum) under
Greenhouse Cultivation ..............................................................................239
Ranjan Kumar Das and M. K. Ghosal
10. Adaptability of Drip Irrigated Canola in Different Regions of Egypt ....291
Mona A. M. Soliman, N. M. Mahrous, Sabreen K. H. Pibars, and M. Hassib
11. Energy Analysis of Wheat under Pressurized Irrigation ........................305
Mohamed E. El-Hagarey, Hani A. A. Mansour, and M. S. Gaballah
Index .....................................................................................................................325
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
K. Arunadevi, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Agricultural Engineering
College and Research Institute, Kumulur 621712, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected]
K. Madhava Chandran, PhD
Scientist, Soil Science, Water Management (Agriculture Division), Center for Water Resources
Development and Management, Kozhikode 673571, Kerala, India
Vishal K. Chavan, PhD
Assistant Professor and Senior Research Fellow in SWE, AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. PDKV,
Akola, Maharashtra, India. Mobile: [phone], Email: [email protected].
Ranjan Kumar Das, PhD
Professor, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
Mohamed El-Sayed El-Hagarey, PhD
Researcher, Irrigation and Drainage Unit, Division of Water Resources and Desert Land, Desert Research
Center (DRC), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, 1 Mathaf El-Mataria Street, El-Mataria,
B.O.P 11753, Cairo, Egypt. Mobile: [phone]. Email: [email protected]
M. S. Gaballah, PhD
Researcher, Water Relations Field Irrigation Department, Agricultural and Biological Division, National
Research Center, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
M. K. Ghosal, PhD
Professor, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India.
Email: [email protected]
H. M. Gitlin, PhD, PE
Retired Extension Specialist in Agricultural Engineering, Cooperative Extension Service, Department of
Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Mañoa, Honolulu, Hawaii

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Retired Faculty in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez
Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering,
Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon PR 00677, USA. Email: [email protected]
M. Hassib, PhD
Water Relation and Field Irrigation Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
E. J. Joseph, PhD
Research Scientist, Water Management (Agriculture Division), Center for Water Resources Development
and Management, Kozhikode 673571, Kerala, India
Richard Koech, PhD
Professor, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW
2351, Australia. Tel.: [phone]; Email: [email protected] or [email protected].
viii List of Contributors
V. Kumar, PhD
Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural College and Research
Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: kumarknc-
[email protected]
N. M. Mahrous, PhD
Researcher, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Hani A. A. Mansour, PhD
Professor in Soil & Water Eng., Water Relations Field Irrigation Department, Agricultural and Biological
Division, National Research Center, Giza, Cairo, Egypt. Email: [email protected]
A. M. Michael, PhD
Former Professor and Project Director, Water Technology Center, IARI, New Delhi, Director, IARI, New
Delhi; and Ex-Vice Chancellor, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, Kerala; Present mailing address:
Dr. A. M. Michael, 34/81, V.P. Marikar Road, Edappally North PO, Kochi 682024, Kerala, India
Miguel A. Muñoz-Muñoz, PhD
Ex-President of University of Puerto Rico, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, College of
Agriculture Sciences, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 006819000, USA. Tel.: [phone], Email:
[email protected]
Bernard Omodei, PhD
President, Measured Irrigation, Dot2dot Post Pty Ltd, 5/50 Harvey Street East, Woodville Park, SA 5011,
Australia. Email: [email protected]
Sabreen Kh. Pibars, PhD
Professor, Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department, Agricultural and Biological Division,
National Research Center, Giza, Cairo, Egypt. Email: [email protected]
P. K. Selvaraj, PhD
Professor, Agricultural Research Station, TNAU, Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu, India
Gajendra Singh, PhD
Ex-President (2010-2012) of ISAE, Former Deputy Director General (Engineering) of ICAR, and Former
Vice-President/Dean/Professor and Chairman, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand; Mailing address:
C86 Millennium Apartments, Plot E-10A, Sector 61, Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India. Email: prof.
[email protected]
Mona A. M. Soliman, PhD
Researcher, Water Relation and Field Irrigation Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza,

Cairo, Egypt
U. Surendran, PhD
Professor (Soil Science), Water Management (Agriculture Division), Center for Water Resources
Development and Management, Kozhikode 673571, Kerala, India. Email: [email protected]
I. Pai Wu, PhD, PE
Retired Professor, Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at
Mañoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; Mailing address: 3050 Maileway, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. Tel. +1
8089568809. Email: [email protected]
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AD anaerobic digestion
AFE annual fixed energy
AIEI annual total irrigation energy inputs for applying water
ATEI annual total energy inputs
ATEO annual total irrigation energy outputs
AWC available water content
BC benefit-cost
BD buried drip irrigation system
CBR cost benefit ratio
CCS commercial cane sugar
CDI conventional drip irrigation
CEC cation exchange capacity
CLAC Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate
CPCRI Central Plantation Crops Research Institute
CRD complete randomized design
CSRTI Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute
CU coefficient of uniformity
CWRDM Center for Water Resources Development and Management
DAP days after planting
EAE energy-applied efficiency
EECI efficiency of crop irrigation
EP energy productivity
ET evapotranspiration of crop
ETP potential evapotranspiration
FS fixed sprinkler irrigation system
FYM farmyard manure
GI galvanized iron
GOI Government of India
gpm gallons per minute
HDPE high-density polyethylene
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
IDE International Development Enterprises
IE energy inputs
x List of Abbreviations
IE installation energy
INCID Indian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage
IR irrigation requirements
IS irrigation systems
K potassium
LAI leaf area index
LCC life cycle cost
LCDI low-cost drip irrigation
LDPE low-density polyethylene
lph liters per hour
lps liters per second
MI measured irrigation
MPPT maximum power point tracking
N nitrogen
NCPA National Committee on the use of Plastics in Agriculture
NEG net energy gain
NUE nutrient use efficiency
OE operating energy
OUAT Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology
P phosphorus
PLW physiological loss in weight
PS portable sprinkler irrigation system
PV photovoltaic
PVWPS photovoltaic water pumping system
RCBD randomized complete block design
RCE relative consumed energy
RDF recommended dose of fertilizer
RDIF recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers

SD surface drip irrigation system
SPV solar photovoltaic
SPV special purpose vehicle
SPVPS solar photovoltaic pumping system
SPVWPS solar photovoltaic water pumping system
TDH total dynamic head
TNPFP Tamil Nadu Precision Farming Project
UV ultra violet
VCE vermicompost extract
WA water amounts
WUE water use efficiency
ZECC zero energy cool chamber