Potential Quarantine Pests for India

155 Pages·2012·2.59 MB·English

NBPGR
Potential Quarantine Pests for India:
Cereals
Editors
Usha Dev
RK Khetarpal
PC Agarwal
Arjun Lal
Manju Lata Kapur
Kavita Gupta
DB Parakh
Division of Plant Quarantine
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
New Delhi 110012, India

POTENTiAL QUARANTINE PESTS
FOR INDIA: CEREALS
Editors
UshaDev
RK Khetarpal
PC Agarwal
ArjunLal
Manju Lata Kapur
Kavita Gupta
DBParakh
DIVISION OF PLANT QUARANTINE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
NEW DELHI- 110 012
ii
Citation: Dev Usha, RK Khetarpal, PC Agarwal, AIjun Lal, Manju Lata Kapur, Kavita
Gupta and DB Parakh (Ed.) 2005. Potential Quarantine Pests for India: Cereals.
NBPGR, New Delhi, India. 144 p.
@ All Rights Reserved
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
New Delhi - 110012 (India)
Copies can be obtained on request from:
The Director
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
New Delhi - 110012 (India)
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: httpiinbpgr.emet.in
Printed at : Yugantar Prakash an Pvt. Ltd., WH-23, Mayapuri Phase-I, New De1hi-110 064,
Phones: 011-28115949,28116018
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CONTENTS
List of Contributors v
Prelude
Vll
Chapter 1 : Insects and mites of quarantine significance in cereals 1
Shashi Bhalla, Kavita Gupta, Manju Lata Kapur and B Lal
Chapter 2 : Nematodes of quarantine significance in cereals 35
Rajan and Arjun Lat
Chapter 3 : Fungi of quarantine significance in cereals 47
Usha Dev, PC Agarwal and Baleshwar Singh
Chapter 4 : Bacteria of.quarantine significance in cereals 67
Baleshwar Singh, PC Agarwal and Usha Dev
Chapter 5 : Viruses of quarantine significance in cereals 82
VC Chatam, DB Paraklz, Shamsher Singh and RK Khetarpal
Chapter 6 : Weeds of quarantine significance i~ cereals 93
BM Pandey and RK Khetarpal
Acronyms l15
Definitions l16
Pest-Host Index 117
Host Index 121
Other Useful References 143
Acknowledgements 144

v
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ArjunLal PC Agarwal
Principal Scientist Principal Scientist
Nematology Plant Pathology
B Lal RK Khetarpal
Principal Scientist Principal Scientist
Entomology Plant Pathology
*BM Pandey Raj an
Training Associate Senior Scientist
Agronomy Nematology
Baleshwar Singh S Singh
Senior Scientist Principal Scientist
Plant Pathology Plant Pathology
DB Parakh Shashi Bhalla
Senior Scientist Senior Scientist
Plant Pathology Entomology
Kavita Gupta Usha Dev
Scientist (Sr. Scale) Principal Scientist
Entomology Plant Pathology
Manju Lata Kapur VC Chalam
Principal Scientist Senior Scientist
Entomology Plant Pathology
Division of Plant Quarantine, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-
110012 (India)
*KVK, VCSG College of Horticulture (G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology),
Bharsar, Pauri-246 123 Uttranchal (India)

Vll
PRELUDE
Seed and planting material are fundamental inputs to enhance agricultural production
and food security. Seed trade and international exchange of germplasm are now more
extensive now than ever. This has increased the probability of introducing new and dangerous
pests or their virulent races along with the movement of planting materials. The germplasm
of cereals is exchanged in the form of true seeds. In addition a large number of breeding
lines are exchanged through international agencies (IRRI, CIMMYT). For example, in
1992 itself, IRRI sent almost 100,000 samples in 515 shipments of paddy to 67 countries.
International spread of serious pests of cereals causing havoc and leading to profound
political, economic and socIal consequences include: introduction of European com borer
(Ostrinia nubilalis) into North America in shipments of broomcorn from Italy/ Hungary in
1908/09; movement of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) into North America from southern
Caucasus Russia during 1779; introduction of flag smut (Ur ocystis agropyri) from. Australia
to Mexico with wheat intended for milling and used for sowing; introductions of loose smut
of wheat (Us tilago tritici) in Laos on wheat imported from Israel and bunt of wheat (Tilletia
caries) into USA from Australia. Kamal bunt caused by T. indica (Neovossia indica) was
first reported in India in 1931. In Mexico, it was detected in 1970 and by 1982 the disease
was well established. It was reported from USA in 1996 followed by the import of wheat
from Mexico. The 'white tip nematode of rice' (Aphelenchoides besseyi) has spread
worldwide through paddy seeds. India also has had more than its share of pest introductions
causing huge economic losses. The introduction of exotic weeds such as Lantana camara
from Central America in the 19th century; Parthenium hysterophorus from Central and
South America and Pha/wis minor from Mexico in mid 20th century have become a threat
to the crop production, environment and human health.
Phytosanitary measures are extremely important to facilitate safe import of plants and
plant products. The increased awareness in recent years regarding the dissemination of
plant pests by seeds as well as agricultural commodities during exchange has been due to
mternational organizations like WTO. Under WTO, the Agreement on Application of Sanitary
and Phytosanitary Measures requires the countries to have uniform phytosanitary standards.
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) has developed International Standards
for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) and so far 24 standards have been brought out. Of
these the standards on pest risk analysis (PRA) are given in ISPM-2, ISPM-ll and ISPM-
21. PRA preparation is divided in three stages viz. initiation, risk assessment and risk
management, the compilation of which should be fully documented in the event of a revi~w
or dispute. In fact, the. first step is very crucial to start a PRA and requires a list of pests
reported to occur in a country and also a list of those not known to occur in the country.
viii
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India is the
nodal institute for the management of plant genetic resources and undertakes the activity of
germplasm exchange and its quarantine processing. The Division of Plant Quarantine has
envisaged to bring out a series of publications on the potential quarantine pests (PQPs) in
vario~ crop groups. In this context an attempt has been made to prepare a document on the
PQPs of cereals comprising the species and wild relatives of Avena L., Hordeum L.,
Oryza L., Triticum L., Triticale (Triticosecale) and Zea L. Various parameters taken
into account were pests, their synonym(s), disease caused,or the common name, host range,
pathway of introduction, geographical distribution, economic impact and phytosanitary risk
involved,
The information is primarily collected from Crop Protection Compendium (CAB
International, 2003) and supplemented with other available sources. PQPs were short
listed based on one or more of the facts that these pests are: i) not reported from India, ii)
having limited distribution, iii) having wide host-range, iv) causing economic losses and v)
presence of physiological races. This data has been linked with the pests listed under the
Schedules V, VI and VII of Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order, 2003
dealing with the lists of (a) plants and plant material for restricted import only by authorized
institutions and special conditions (b) plant! plant materials permitted import with additional
declarations and (c) where imports are possible on the basis of phytosanitary certificate
issued by exporting country, respectively. Ninety-five pests (27 insects, one mite, 8 nematodes,
17 fungi, 10 bacteria, 5 viruses and 27 weed species) are listed as the PQPs in these six
cereal crops for India. Out of these, six pests (2 insects, 3 fungi and one bacterium) are
known to have limited distribution in the country. Sixty-eight pests (21 insects, one mite, 2
nematodes, 11 fungi, 8 b3lcteria, 5 viruses and 20 weeds) are not reported to occur in India.
These pests or their virulent biotypes once introduced and established can cause severe
damage to Indian agriculture.
Compilation of data on quarantine as well as endemic pests, their global distribution and
other aspects related to biology, survival and spread of these pests are essential components
of risk analysis to meet international regulations. However, non-availability of published
literature or non-surveyed areas may not be misinterpreted as absence of the pest in the
area. This publication would, thus, facilitate smooth functioning of quarantine, benefit scientists
as well as researchers engaged in related fields. It would also serve as a ready reckoner
while issuing import permit stating additional declarations required for import in addition to
supplementing information for analyzing pest risk.
Authors