Potential of Low-Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Energy: Hybridization and Application in Industry

171 Pages·2022·4.738 MB·English

by  Elisabet Palomo, Antonio Colmenar-Santos, Enrique Rosales-Asensio

Green Energy and Technology
Elisabet Palomo
Antonio Colmenar-Santos
Enrique Rosales-Asensio
Potential
of Low-Medium
Enthalpy
Geothermal
Energy
Hybridization and Application in
Industry
Green Energy and Technology
Climatechange,environmentalimpactandthelimitednaturalresourcesurgescien-
tific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green Energy
and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological
approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo-
gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solu-
tions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Tech-
nology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as
decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans
frominstructionaltohighlytechnical.
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· ·
Elisabet Palomo Antonio Colmenar-Santos
Enrique Rosales-Asensio
Potential of Low-Medium
Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
Hybridization and Application in Industry
ElisabetPalomo AntonioColmenar-Santos
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering, DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,
Electronics,Control,Telematics Electronics,Control,Telematics
andChemistryAppliedtoEngineering andChemistryAppliedtoEngineering
UNED UNED
Madrid,Spain Madrid,Spain
EnriqueRosales-Asensio
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
ULPGC
LasPalmasdeGranCanaria,Spain
ISSN1865-3529 ISSN1865-3537 (electronic)
GreenEnergyandTechnology
ISBN978-3-030-95625-7 ISBN978-3-030-95626-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95626-4
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Preface
To accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future and to meet Sustainable
DevelopmentGoal7,affordableandcleanenergy(SDG7)setbytheUnitedNations,
theglobalshareofrenewableenergyneedstodoubleby2030.Thereplacementof
fossilfuelsbyanincreasingshareofrenewableenergieshasaresultingeffectonthe
reductionofgreenhousegasemissions(GHGs)andairpollutants.
Inrecentyears,dueto,amongotherfactors,advancesintechnologyandhigher
productionvolumes,thecostofrenewableenergiesingeneral,especiallywindand
solarphotovoltaictechnologies,hasbeenreduced.Bothtechnologiesreceivedpolit-
icalsupport,tovaryingdegrees,andexperiencedrapidtechnologicallearningleading
togrowinginvestorconfidence.Thishasnotbeenthecaseforotherrenewabletech-
nologiessuchasgeothermalenergy,whichinrecentyearshasbeenamongtheleast
developeddespiteitsgreatpotential.
Precisely,thepresentbookaimstogivevisibilitytothisenergysourcebystudying
itspotentialeitheraloneorincombinationwithsolarenergy,focusingonitsindustrial
applicationandthusfillingthisknowledgegap.
Thestartingpointofthisworkistoidentifythebarriersthathindertheimplemen-
tationofgeothermalenergyinSpainandintheEuropeanUnionandthemeasuresto
beadoptedtoachieveitsdiffusionandregularuse.Spainhasbeenselectedwithin
the European context due to its scarce 0.1% of the geothermal market in primary
energydemand.
Next,andgiventhattheindustrialsectorisoneofthelargestGHGemittersinthe
world,itisstudiedhowgeothermalenergycouldcontributetothissectorandtothe
desalinationindustryinparticular(givenitshighenergyconsumptionanditsneed
inareaswherewaterisascarcecommodity).
The results of the present work show that 76% of the annual time a MED type
desalinationplantwouldbepoweredwithbothresources(solarandgeothermal)and
100%ofthetimeonlywithgeothermalenergyforadeeperwell.Applyingtheresults
totheexistingdesalinationplantsoftheA.G.U.A.project,weobtainapaybackperiod
ofsixyearsand510,387,920kg/yearofCO avoidedintheatmosphereforallthe
2
plants.
v
vi Preface
Beyondthedesalinationindustry,thisworkdemonstratesthatalmost85%ofthe
industrial processes of all industry in Spain can be carried out with very low, low
andmediumtemperaturegeothermalresources.Inthisway,80milliontonsofCO
2
per year would be avoided and the investment in geothermal energy for industrial
processesupto45°Ccouldbeamortizedwithinareasonableperiodof15years.
Theresultspresentedinthisbookdemonstratethatgeothermalenergyasarenew-
ableenergysourceshouldbetakenintoaccountinanylocalbusinessactionbeyond
thedomesticworldandespeciallylinkedtotheindustrialworldasamajorenergy
consumer.
This work involves a transfer of knowledge and technology in sectors and
applicationshithertounexplored.
Inadditiontothesocialbenefitprojectedtosociety,italsodemonstratesthatits
implementationiseconomicallyviabledespitethelackofaidoreconomiesofscale
linked to this technology compared to other renewable technologies that are more
widelyimplemented,especiallyinSpain.
It opens up a range of possibilities for new sustainable business models based
on hitherto minority energies such as geothermal energy (either on its own or in
hybridizationwithotherenergysources).
Depending on the environmental conditions, the results of exploration and the
technicalfeasibility,butalwayswithagreatcommercialpotentialoftheinnovations
presentedhere,which,iftheyalsohadpublicfunding,wouldachievegreaterbusiness
development.
Madrid,Spain ElisabetPalomo
Madrid,Spain AntonioColmenar-Santos
LasPalmasdeGranCanaria,Spain EnriqueRosales-Asensio
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
2 Measures to Remove Geothermal Energy Barriers
intheEuropeanUnion .......................................... 9
2.1 Introduction ............................................... 9
2.2 MaterialsandMethods ...................................... 13
2.3 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 14
2.3.1 Block1:LevelofImplementation ...................... 14
2.3.2 Block2:Barriers ..................................... 16
2.3.3 Block3:Measures ................................... 19
2.3.4 Block4:Advantages ................................. 24
2.3.5 Block5:ClosedQuestionsQuestionnaire ................ 25
2.4 Conclusions ............................................... 27
Appendices ..................................................... 29
References ..................................................... 43
3 Thermal Desalination Potential with Parabolic Trough
CollectorsandGeothermalEnergyintheSpanishSoutheast ....... 47
3.1 Introduction ............................................... 48
3.2 MaterialsandMethods ...................................... 52
3.2.1 StartingData ........................................ 52
3.2.2 AnalyticalThermodynamicModelingfortheSolar
Resource ........................................... 53
3.2.3 ExperimentalModelingoftheGeothermalResource. ..... 57
3.2.4 ConfigurationsoftheSolarandGeothermalResource
toFeedtheMED ..................................... 57
3.3 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 64
3.3.1 An Approach to the Mix Solar-Geothermal
DesalinationPotentialoftheA.G.U.AProject ............ 66
3.4 Conclusions ............................................... 69
Appendices ..................................................... 71
References ..................................................... 87
vii
viii Contents
4 EconomicandEnvironmentalBenefitsofGeothermalEnergy
inIndustrialProcesses .......................................... 91
4.1 Introduction ............................................... 92
4.2 MaterialsandMethods ...................................... 98
4.2.1 ThermalCriterion .................................... 99
4.2.2 GeothermalCriterion ................................. 99
4.2.3 BusinessCriterion ................................... 100
4.2.4 Calculation of CO Emissions Avoidance
2
totheAtmosphere .................................... 101
4.2.5 CalculationoftheReturnonInvestment:Calculation
oftheNextPresentValue,InternalRateofReturn,
andPaybackPeriod .................................. 103
4.3 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 106
4.3.1 Analysis of the Geothermal Potential
oftheSHIP-PlantsCompaniesinSpain ................. 107
4.4 Conclusions ............................................... 110
Appendices ..................................................... 111
References ..................................................... 158
5 Conclusions .................................................... 161
Reference ...................................................... 164
Chapter 1
Introduction
ThecentralobjectiveoftheParisAgreementwastostrengthentheglobalresponseto
thethreatofclimatechangebykeepingtheglobaltemperatureincreasethiscentury
below2°Cabovepre-industriallevelsandtocontinueeffortstolimitthetemperature
increasetonomorethan1.5°C.TheParisAgreementrequiresallPartiestodotheir
utmost through “Nationally Determined Contributions” (NDCs) and to strengthen
theseeffortsintheyearstocome(UNFCCC2015).
By2030,MemberStatesandtheEUmuststepuptheirclimateandenergyefforts
tomeetthetargetsandbecomeasustainable,low-carboneconomyby2050.Member
Statesmustovercomeanumberofimportantchallenges.Intheshortterm,theserelate
totheformulationofadequatenationaldecarbonizationtargetsandpolicyresponses
for2030tocollectivelyachievetheEU’stargetsandcommitmentsundertheParis
Agreement.Inthemediumterm,MemberStatesneedtoimprovetheirnationalinno-
vationcapacitiestoenhancethebenefitsoftheongoingenergytransitioninEurope.
Tomaintainthismomentum,theEUanditsMemberStatesmuststrengthenandbuild
onexisting,home-grownexpertiseandinnovationcapacityinrenewableenergyand
energyefficiencysolutions.ThiswillalsohelptomaintainEurope’sglobalcompet-
itivenessintheseincreasinglyknowledge-intensivesectors.Tothisend,in2018,the
EUinstitutionsagreedonmoresystematiccooperationandcoordinationofnational
policiesandmeasuresbetweenMemberStatesthroughtheadoptionofREDII.The
European Commission has also recently presented a 2050 climate vision, which
confirmstheEU’swillingnesstoleadglobalclimatemitigationeffortsandsupport
thegoaloffullcarbonneutralityby2050.Morerecently,atCOP25inMadrid,the
socialdimensionoftheclimateagendahasforthefirsttimetakencenterstage.The
discussionsinMadridreflectedthatpeople,theirconcernsandtheirfuturemustbe
atthecenteroftheresponsetotheclimatecrisis.
The EU has managed, in the less than 15 days since the new Commission was
formed,toactivateanambitiouspackageofmeasurestotackletheclimateemergency,
through its Green New Deal; commit to climate neutrality by 2050; and turn the
EuropeanInvestmentBank(EIB)intoa“ClimateBank,”whichwouldunlockone
trillioneurosofinvestmentoverthenextdecade.Inaddition,theEIBhasannounced
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 1
E.Palomoetal.,PotentialofLow-MediumEnthalpyGeothermalEnergy,GreenEnergy
andTechnology,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95626-4_1