Potassium Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture

338 Pages·2016·7.29 MB·English

by  Vijay Singh Meena

Vijay Singh Meena · Bihari Ram Maurya
Jay Prakash Verma · Ram Swaroop Meena
Editors
Potassium Solubilizing
Microorganisms for
Sustainable Agriculture
Potassium Solubilizing Microorganisms
for Sustainable Agriculture
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Vijay Singh Meena (cid:129)
Bihari Ram Maurya (cid:129)
Jay Prakash Verma (cid:129)
Ram Swaroop Meena
Editors
Potassium Solubilizing
Microorganisms for
Sustainable Agriculture
Editors
VijaySinghMeena BihariRamMaurya
CropProductionDivision InstituteofAgriculturalSciences
ICAR–VivekanandaInstitute BanarasHinduUniversity
ofHillAgriculture Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
Almora,Uttarakhand,India
JayPrakashVerma RamSwaroopMeena
InstituteofEnvironmentand InstituteofAgriculturalSciences
SustainableDevelopment BanarasHinduUniversity
BanarasHinduUniversity Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
Varanasi,UttarPradesh,India
ISBN978-81-322-2774-8 ISBN978-81-322-2776-2 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-81-322-2776-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016941176
#SpringerIndia2016
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Foreword
After nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium is one of the major nutrients
required by all the plants. It plays a major role in the activation of several
metabolic processes including protein synthesis, photosynthesis, enzyme
activation, the transport of water and nutrients in the plants through xylem
andsynthesisofstarch.Italsoplaysaroleinimprovingshelflifeofcropsand
diseaseresistance.Itisoftenobservedthatwithoutadequatepotassium,the
plants have poorly developed roots, grow slowly, produce small seeds and
haveloweryields.
Potassiuminsoilexistsindifferentformsbutthecropcanabsorbwhatis
presentinsoilsolutiononly.Thereadilyavailablepotassiuminsoilsolution
isjust2 %outofthetotal,andtheremainingpartofsoilpotassiumislocked
upinsoilmineralsandhencemostofitisunavailableforplantuptake.Also,
in most of the soils, potassium decreases easily due to crop uptake, runoff,
leaching and soil erosion. Soil potassium management strategies rely on
inorganic chemical-based fertilizers cause a serious threat to human health
and environment. In many developing countries, the entire requirement of
potassiumfertilizerismetbyimportsanddistributedtofarmersatsubsidized
price.Butatplaces,wheresoilsarenaturallyrichinpotassium,theapplica-
tion of potassium solubilizing bacteria as biofertilizer for agriculture can
reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and support sustainable agriculture. A
largenumberofsaprophyticbacterialandfungalstrainshavebeenidentified
which solubilize potassium from insoluble forms like mica, fledspar and
others by microbial production of protons and organic ligands, hydroxyl
anions and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), which can either directly
dissolve rock potassium or chelate silicon ions to bring potassium into the
solution.
v
vi Foreword
Icommendthisbooktoresearchersandstudentsinterestedintheareaof
PGPMandsustainableagriculture.Theeditorsofthisbookdeservecreditfor
compiling articles on this interesting topic of potassium solubilizing
microorganisms. Authors of the chapters present a fascinating and
stimulating collection of articles focusing on isolation and screening of
potassium solubilizing microorganisms, mechanism of solubilization and
evaluation of their effectiveness in greenhouse as well as in field. This
book is a comprehensive treatment of past and current knowledge on the
subject.Iamsurethatthisbookwillprovidearapidupdateandtrulyinspire
furtherresearchinthisfascinatingarearelevanttosustainableagriculture
Varanasi
11November,2015
Opp.LDGuesthouse
AkhileshSinghRaghubanshi
BanarasHinduUniversity
ProfessorandDirector
Varanaisi
Contents
1 Potassium-SolubilizingMicroorganisminEvergreen
Agriculture:AnOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
VijaySinghMeena,IndraBahadur,BihariRamMaurya,
AshokKumar,RajeshKumarMeena,SunitaKumariMeena,
andJayPrakashVerma
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 2
1.1.1 PotassiumandItsImportance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 GlobalPotassiumDemand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 PotassiumStatusofSoilsinIndia. . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.4 PotassiumFixationinSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 NeedforFertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 PotassicFertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 FertilizersandEnvironmentalPollution. . . . . . 6
1.2.3 AvailabilityofPotassiuminSoil. . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.4 FormsandAvailabilityofPotassium. . . . . . . . 7
1.3 EnvironmentalFactorsAffectingPotassium
Solubilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 PotassiumFunctionsinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 QuantificationofPotassiumSolubilization. . . . 9
1.4 Potassium-SolubilizingMicroorganisms(KSMs). . . . . . 9
1.4.1 Potassium-SolubilizingBacteria(KSB). . . . . . 10
1.4.2 Potassium-SolubilizingFungi(KSF). . . . . . . . 10
1.4.3 MechanismsofK-Solubilization. . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 MorphologicalandBiochemicalCharacterization. . . . . 12
1.6 MolecularBiologyofPotassium-Solubilizing
Microorganism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.7 EffectofPotassium-SolubilizingMicroorganisms
onPlantGrowthandYield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.8 FutureProspectofPotassium-Solubilizing
Microorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
vii
viii Contents
2 PotassiumasanImportantPlantNutrientinSustainable
Agriculture:AStateoftheArt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
DurgeshKumarJaiswal,JayPrakashVerma,SatyaPrakash,
VijaySinghMeena,andRamSwaroopMeena
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 21
2.2 FormsofSoilPotassium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Potassium-SolubilizingMicroorganisms(KSMs). . . . . . 23
2.4 MechanismsInvolvedinKSolubilization. . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 FunctionofPotassiuminPlant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6 FactorsAffectingPotassiumSolubilization. . . . . . . . . . 26
2.7 MolecularCharacterizationofKSMs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.8 FutureApproachesandDevelopmentStrategies
forSustainableAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.9 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Growth-PromotingEffectofPotassium-Solubilizing
MicroorganismsonSomeCropSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
HosseinZahedi
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 31
3.2 PotassiumFixationinSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3 DeterminationandAdjustmentofthePotassiumSupply
ofCrops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.1 SoilAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3.2 BacterialCultureandInoculantPreparation. . . 34
3.4 PotassiumFunctionsinPlants. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 35
3.5 PotassiumandCropStressResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.6 EffectofKSBonSomePlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6.1 Eggplant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6.2 PepperandCucumber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.6.3 Sorghum. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 38
3.7 ConcludingRemarksandFutureProspects. . . . . . . . . . 40
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 RoleofRhizosphereMicroflorainPotassium
Solubilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
M.P.Raghavendra,S.ChandraNayaka,andB.R.Nuthan
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 44
4.2 SourcesofKinSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3 RhizosphereMicroflora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.4 Potassium-SolubilizingMicroorganisms(KSMs). . . . . . 46
4.4.1 RoleofEarthworms’GutMicroflorain
MineralizationofSoilMinerals. . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.4.2 TransformationofPotassiumbySoil
Microbes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.5 RoleofPotassiuminPlantGrowthandDevelopments. . . 48
4.5.1 PotassiumUptakeinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.5.2 PotassiumDeficienciesinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . 50
Contents ix
4.6 RolesofKSMsinAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.7 MechanismofKSolubilizationbySoilMicroflora. . . . 52
4.7.1 RoleofAcidsinMineralSolubilization. . . . . . 54
4.8 EffectofKSMsonKAvailabilityinSoils. . . . . . . . . . 55
4.9 FutureApproachforKSMs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5 TheMolecularMechanismsofKSMsforEnhancement
ofCropProductionUnderOrganicFarming. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
AshokKumar,JaiSinghPatel,IndraBahadur,
andVijaySinghMeena
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 62
5.1.1 Solubilization/MobilizationofPotassiumfrom
RocksorMica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.1.2 EfficientPotassium-SolubilizingMicroorganisms
(KSMs)andTheirOccurrence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.3 PotassiumSolubilizersasAlternateMethod
forBiofertilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.4 Potassium-SolubilizingMechanismsofKSMs. .. 65
5.2 InoculationEffectofPotassiumSolubilizersor
withOtherBacteriaonDifferentCrops. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.3 EffectofPotassium-SolubilizingBacteriaonAvailability
ofPotassiuminSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.4 EffectofRootExudatesonPotassiumAvailability
inSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.5 PotassiumFixationinSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.6 PotassiumNutritionandCropStressResistance. . . . . . 70
5.7 FutureProspectusofKSMs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.8 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6 MycorrhizalFungi:RoleintheSolubilization
ofPotassium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
JoseAlfonsoDominguez-Nun˜ez,Begon˜aBenito,
MartaBerrocal-Lobo,andAdaAlbanesi
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 78
6.2 PlantPotassiumNutritionAssociatedwithMycorrhizal
Symbiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.2.1 ArbuscularMycorrhizalSymbiosis. . . .. . . .. . 78
6.2.2 EctomycorrhizalSymbiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3 MechanismsofK-Solubilization:Weathering. . . . . . . . 81
6.4 MolecularBiologyandTransportofPotassiumin
MycorrhizalInteractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.4.1 K+TransportThroughMycorrhizalFungi. . . . 86
6.4.2 K+TransportThroughPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.5 BenefitsofMycorrhizalPotassiumUptakeforPlants. . . 88
6.5.1 ImprovementofPlantStress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.5.2 ProtectionAgainstRadiocesiumPollution. . . . 90
6.6 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91