Potassium releasing and supplying power of selected yellow grey earth soils of New Zealand

257 Pages·2012·10.14 MB·English

by  Surapaneni, Aravind

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for
a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without
the permission of the Author.
POTASSIUREML EASING ANDS UPPLYINPGO WER
OFS ELECTEYDE LLOWG REYE ARTHS OILOSF
NEW ZEALAND
A thespirse senitnpe adtir alf ulfilmoeftn hter equiremfeontrtsh ed egroefe
DoctoofrP hilosoipnSh oyiS lc ienactMe a sseUyn iversity
ARAVI ND SURAPANENI
1994
ii
ABSTRACT
Thes upployf s oiplo tassi(uKm)t oN ew Zealanpdas turiessc urrenbetilnyga ssessed
byt heq uictke sKt ( QTK)a ndr eserKv (eI(., )m etohdsw,h icmhe asurseo il
exchangeKa b(lKee xa)n dn on-exchangKe (aKb..elxer) e's pectiQvTeKl yi.sb asedo n
a routisnoeit le satn dI(., isa na ssigneesdt imaatep proaptretoi thes oiglr oupN.o
cosnideraitsig oinv etnot hev ariatoifot nhseK. .esxu pplwyi thai ns oiglr oupT.h e
objectoifvt eh iresse arcwha st oe xaminteh e rKe leasainndKg supplypionwge orf
selcetesdo iflrso mt hey ellow-gearthr ey( YGEgr)o up.
A widev ariatwiaoson b serveidnt hem easurI(.,ed v aluoefst heY GEs oiilsnt he
Nortahn dS outh IslAa ngdlsa.s shoeuxsep erimsehnotw etdh atth es upployf K..etxo
ryegragsrso wonn t he1 3N orthI slaYndG Es oirlasn gefdr om0 -4m1g 100 g.a!n d
thaotf t he6 S outIhs laYndG Es oirlasn gefdr om3 -3mg5 1 00 g.!T.h ee xperiment
alssoh owetdh atth erwee rel owelre veolfsK ..exs uppliynt hep astusriet ecso,m pared
tot hev irgsiint weisth r espetcott h eS outIhs laYndG Es oilThse.s er esulhtasv e
implicattioto hneus se oft hes oiglr oucpo ncewphti cihs u setdo e stimaKt..eex
suppliynt heC omputeriFseerdti lizer AdSveirvsiocr(eyC FASK) modelc,u rrently
usebdy A gResearch.
Ina labotroarsyt udtyh,et hreshKo llde veilnst erms K ocfo ncentraantdit ohne
activriattyii not hee quilibsroaitsleo dl utiKoenxa,'n dt hea mounotf s pecifichaellldy
K wered etermiinneo dr,d etroe xplatihnev ariatiinoKu nesxs u pplTyh.e t hreshold
K levewlesre notr elatteotd h eK nexr eleaasneds upply.
Theu ptakoefK byr yegrawsassa tbe stp oorltyom oderatceolrrye lawtietdth h eK
extracbtyec du rrenmte thodosfd eterminKi nrge leapsoiwnegvr i zQ,T K and1(., .
Theh ighessitm plceo rrelawtaisoo bnt ainferdo ma ni mprovaecdi d-reaxcttaKb le
procedu(rre= 0.9P6< ; 0 .01Th)e. d ifferenicnte hse K uexu ptakbey r yegrafsrosm
various wseoriebl est teexrp laibnyea d s implmee thod doeft erminisnogiKuex l i.e.,
steKp, t habny t hee xistI(.,i nmge thodA. m ultiprleeg resseiqouna tiwoint QhT K
iii
ands tep asKi ndeepndenvta riabelxepsl ai9n6e%d oft hev ariatiinto ont Ka l
uptakea mongs olis.
On theb asiosfK. .ext akeunp b yr yegrasisnth e glasshoeuxspeei mrenthte, 19s oils
int hisst udwye reb roadglryo upiendt o ctawtoe gor(iis)eo si ls swtietKph v aluoefs
lestsh a3n 5m g 100 g'a!n da K" rangoef 8 -1m0g 100 g'a!n d( iis)o iwlist sht eKp
valugerse attehra 3n 5m g 100 g'a!n da K" rangoef 1 2-1m9g 100 g'!.
Selectseodiw lesr ef ractioinnetsdoa nds,i latn,dc lasye paraatnedas c id-exttarblaec
K leveolfst hef ractiwoenrsem easureTdh.e rwea sa wider angien tahcei d­
extractKa lbelvee almso ngt hes oiflosr t hes ames izfer actei.ognc. l,a ya,n df or
differseinzfter actiwointsh tihne s ames oiLW henw eightaecdc ordtiont gh e
partiscilzede i stribuotfit ohnes oitlh,es anwda sf ountdo c ontribu4t-e4 %5, s il1t0 -
40% ,a ndc la1y 5-8%5 o ft heK releabseydt hes umo ft he3 separatuessi,n tgh e
improvaecdi edx tractmieotnh odI.na ll stohiel tsh,ec lasye pararetlee asethde m ost
K peru niwte ight.
An agapro tt ritaelc hniwqaused evelopteomd e asutrhee K supplypionwge orf th e
soisle paratAelst.h ouognha uniwte ighbta sitsh ec laseyp aratsehso wead m uch
greataecrt ivtihtaytn h eo theserp aratoensa weightbeads itsh,ec ontribuotfis oannsd
ands ilste parattoet sh et otKa lu ptakoefM arto(n3 %8) M,a tapi(r4o1% ),an d
Wharekak(a2 %5) s oiwlsa so fc onsideriambploert ancTeh.e resduelmtosn strated
thatth er oloef s anadn ds ilste paradteesse rvmeo rec onsideriante isotni mating
potentKi raell easainndsg u pplypionwge trh ahna sh itheberetno t hec ase.
Thes tudayl saot tempttoe dre lK.at.eerx el ease andt ots hueps polimyli neralogy.
Althoutghheg ross mineorfat lhoe1g 9ys oiwlass s imildairf,f ereinnct ehseK. .ex
releaasneds upplcyo ulbde re latetdos ubtdlief fereanncdeg sr adual chiantn hgee s
clamyi neraloTghye.X RDp atteornfst hec lays aw iK"t rha ngoef 8 -1m0g 100 g'!
ofs oidli ffefrreodmt hoswei tah K" rangoef 1 2-1m9g 100 g'o!f s oiTLh el atter
grouopf c laycso ntamionr eK bearimnign eratlhsat nh ef ormerg roup.
Thep ractiicmapll icatoifto hnes measduirfefde reinnc� e vsa lue(s� xs upply)
withitnh eY GEs oiglr ouwpe red ealwti thT.h em easure�dx suppliynt heN orth
IslaYndG Es oirlasn gefdr om2 0-4k0gh a·y!r ·w!h,e retahse e xpecte�dx supply
baseodn a na ssignK.:e vda luies3 0k gh a·y!r "!T.h ed ifrfeencbee tweethne
expectaenddt hem easurK.e.ed xma yb es ufficieecnotnloym icsailglnyi fiacsta on t
invaliadpaptley ian sgi ngK.:le v aluteoa soiglr oupP.o ssiibmlper ovementtsot he
soiKl s upply compoofnth een CtF ASK modewle res uggestpeadr,tu ilcartlhya stt ep
K valusehso ulredp lacK.:e int heK supplmyo del.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TS
Iw oullidtk oee xepsrmsy s ienrcteh angkrsa,t iatnaudpd epecr iattioto hfneo llowing
peopfloterh eciorrnbi tuttioowna rdcso metpthlieoo ftn h tihse sis.
Mys upesrovrDisrs,l. H .K ikrmanP,. EG.rHe.g gA,. cH..R obearntsRd . WT.i llman
frot ehivra lugaubildeea .Tn hcanyokfu o yro utri mpea,t iaennedcn euc roagement.
Altlh pea satnp dr esesnttai fnf the DoefSp aorSitclmi eennIwtc o eud.l l ietk ot ake
this onpiytpt oot rhtauinnkp ,a rtiDcrusNl..a SBr.o, l aM.nJ,H. e dlaenyd, B Aas.k er
alolfw howme rree atdody i usscasn fdro wasrodu cnrdi toifct ihrseseem a rch
presehnetreed.
DrA..S .P almehre lfpoiirnn gcs loaicslas tiifiDorRn.., CW .a llfaroci ed eynitnigf
primmainreyr aalnDsdr, S. .S aggfaorrrse iKn a nalysis.
Thde epar'tstmc eehnntisctaahlfe fa,db eyLd a nCcuer riisae c,k nowlIew dogueldd.
litkoe tMhiaknBeker thteoarnn Adn nWee sfto prr enpagr isdoimgaer aimnst his
theasniMsda, l coBlomaf gro h ipsr oroaefd ing.
DeniasneNd i cofrolt ah efirri ein.pd sh
Almly f lelopwo stgartaefrods u tfhrieneidrs hip.
The rtiFeliazenLrdi mRee sehaC recrneta nd Utnheierv sGirtaynC tosm mttiferoe
fnudimnygs tudy.
Katy andLe tuM sin keevf.eo rr gedta yotsfth heae l terntaetcail vueb .
Lee,
RosHieen,ra ynJ do hantt hDey naRsetsyt a.uT rhaefniirtre nddsuhirinmpgy et im
att hDey nsatwya isn valuable.
Yi
My mothanedr b rothienIr nsd ianad, m yb rothienUr .Ss. Th ank youf oyro ur
strengbtlhe,s sainndsg usp port.
FinaIlw loyu lldi ktoe t ankh myf ami-mlyyw ifCeh,a ithanandym ay,so n,Th eja -
for lookinmge s atfeatdefrad sutrlimyny gl asftew y earso fs tduy;e speciayloluy,
Chaithafnoyyrao ,uh a vbee etnh rosuogm hu cshi nycoeu arrri vailn N ewZeal and .
Ic anntohta ynokue nough.
Thitsh eissid se dictaomt yedl aftaet ahnebrde lomvoetdh er.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THIST HE SIS
K
GENERALT ERMS
Structural Stronbgolnyd Ke d int hec rysstatlrut curoef
K
minerIaitls vs a.r iocuaslllmyie nde raKl,n ative
ineKr,tm atrKi,xo ru nweathered
K, K.
FixeKd K preseinntt h wee dg(ew -s)t,e( ps -c)r,a ck
(c-a)n,di nter(lia-py)oe sri toifow nesa thered
micacmeionuesra analdms o rphcoluasy s.
Non-exchaKn (gsetarubclKte up rlauflsI xKe)d.
Also kansK.:o winnN ewZe aland.
Kp resenotnp lan(apra- n)ed d g(ee p-o)s itoifo ns
claysK saonrdb aeted x chasnigteoe nso rganic
matter.
K ins osioll ution.
Available TheK takeupnb yp lanotrKs extrabcyt ed
K
chemimceatlh otdhsaa ti mt om imiucp take by
plants.
K avaaiblility Refleacc tosm ploefix n terdespeonaidnlepd nl ta nt
procestsehsare tl eatseh Ke thaitst akuepnb y
planItst. d iifsfi tcouq luta ntify.
K releapsoiwnegr
(Kr elseea) ReleoafKs ef ro�m/ reservfeo rtmoK eaxn �d
forms.
Anyc hmeicamle thotdh adte terminteost al
"availabilsaem easoufreK releasipnogw er.
K"
Kerxe leapsoiwnegr
(Kur elease) Ke xtrabcyct heedm imceatlh othdamtse assuorie l
� andK efxo rmes. gN.H,4 0Ac-QKTuK,( also
NH40Ac-extraCcatCa1b2l-reKe)esK,xi e tnt c.
KlILxr eleaspiownegr
(KlILrxe lease) K extrabcyt edc hemical metthoo ds believed
measusroe�i xl ofd iffesreonltu bei.lngii,ttri yc
aciKd ( HN03-Kr)e,sK i ent c.
Kepxl uKslIL x
releapsoiwnegr K extrabcyct heedm imcealt hotdhsma te assuoriel
Keaxn dK uexe .gH,N 03-(Ka cid-extK)r,a ctable
NaTPKB e tc.
K fixation ReveorfseK release.
Iti st hpeh enomebnywo hni cthh" ea vailable
K"
becomuensa vaidluaebt lofie x atiboync lay
mineraanldcs a nn ot easileyx trabcyt ed
be
methoudsset doa sse"Ksexsr elease."
K spuplyipnogw er
(Ks upply) SuppolfyK top lantAnsy.b iolomgeithcoadl
e.gar. y,e gproattsr sit ahlda,et t erm"iavnaeisl able
K"i sa m easourefK supplpyoiwnegr .
Kexs upplypionwge r
(Kesxup pLy) TotKa ulp tamkien u�se xu ptake.
K"�sxpu plyipnogw er
(KMXs upply) Knexu ptake calctuoltaKat ulep dt amfkireno ums
failnlN H40Aecx tracKte.ax ble
K losses Thep rediacmtoeudon ftK losftr oam farming
systbeylm e achpirnogd,reu mcotv eatlc .
SoiKl s puply
(SoKi lg ain) Thep rediacmtoeudon ftt otKa slu ppltioae d
farmsiynsgt Ietmc o.n stistouKitelsex us p palnyd
soiKl..e xs uppbluytm, a yorm ayn oti nclude
fertiKl diezpeern odnit nhgce o ntienwx hti cthh e
terimsu sed.
TERMS USED WHILE REFERRINGT O THE METHODS THAT
DETERMINEK RELEASINGP OWER
K extrabcybt oeidl HiNn0g3 I•t am easuoref
is
difficsuolltulsbyol ie�l e x.I ti sa nalogous to
constraantte
K.
K extrabcyat memdo niaucme t(aNtHe4 0AIct) .
eitmheears usreosKi elp xl u�s o rK eaxl one.
ThreshoKl lde vel CirtiKc caoln creaontntii nt heeq ubirlaitseodi l
solubteilowonhw i Kc rhe lefoarmseK ..exs ocuers
iisn itteida.
SolountK i K mearseuidne qluiibr0a.t0Me1 Cd a Cslou2lt ion.
Kd esoribnCea dCs lo2l uptliKuoe snx tracted with
NH40.A c
K-Caac tiviitney q urbiarltaiitsoeos dio ll ution.
Gapocno ns.tT ahnigtsi vaem se aeso ufrr elative
titgnheosfsb indoifnK g+i nr elattoio othne r
cations.
QTK QuitcekKs .tT himse ausersa pproxi8m0%a tely
of thKec pxsl ou�i.sl
NaTPBK K extracbtyse odd itueamtp rhebnoyrl(o Nna TPB)
reagTenhtir.se agmeenats usreosKi clax n �dx .
ResiKn K exrtactbeyad m iexdc atianodn a nireosni n
memrbanIen.C hpate6ir w ta suse dt om easure
soKixclp lu�.s
Acid-extrKa ctable K exrtactbeybd o ilwiint1gh MH N03I•ti sa
meaeso ufrs oKiclax n eda ssiollyu fbarlcet oifo n
so�ixl.
Step K A meaes urof� xs oobitla biyn eddt ihfreefen ce
betwaeceindt -rtaeacxblaen KdKc rI itst heorerfe
ac ompeudv talue.
QSK Quicskte Kp. Thiissa measoufres oi�l
obtabiynt ehdedif refenbceet waeceind r-aecxttable
K anQdT K.I tis aac lospmoue tdv alue.
OTHERS
•• SignificaatPn <t 0 .05
• SignificaatPn <t 0 .01
Least-sdqfiufareerse nce
LSD
Nosni gnificant
NS
Coefficioefvn arti ation
c.v