Postharvest ripening physiology of crops

664 Pages·5.222 MB·\664

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FRUIT & VEGETABLE PRODUCTS
a INNOVATIONS IN POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY SERIES
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Postharvest Ripening k
Postharvest Ripening
Physiology of Crops
Physiology of Crops
Postharvest Ripening Physiology of Crops is a comprehensive interdisciplinary
reference source for the various aspects of fruit ripening and postharvest be-
havior. It focuses on the postharvest physiology, biochemistry, and molecular
biology of ripening and provides an overview of fruits and vegetables, including
chapters on the postharvest quality of ornamental plants and molecular biology
of flower senescence.
It describes various developments that have taken place in the last decade
with respect to identifying and altering the function of ripening-related genes.
Taking clues from studies in grape and tomato as model fruits, the book reviews
a few case studies and gives you a detailed account of molecular regulation of
fruit ripening, and signal transduction and internal atmospheres in relation to
fruit ripening. It also presents an overview of methods utilized in fruit proteomics,
as well as a global proteome and systems biology analysis of fruits during rip-
ening, and discusses the basics of dormancy, its molecular and physiological
basis, and methods to break the dormancy.
The book provides an overview of the most important metabolic pathways
and genes that control volatile biosynthesis in model fruits, including tropical,
subtropical, and temperate fruits, with a special emphasis on fruit ripening and
the role of ethylene during this process. It presents a brief description of the
composition of volatiles in various fruit species and addresses the influences of
preharvest factors and postharvest technologies on fruit aroma, basic mech-
anisms responsible for postharvest flavor change in fresh produce, and the
potential impacts of various postharvest technologies on flavor.
Edited by
Sunil Pareek
K24683
ISBN: 978-1-4987-0380-2
90000
9 781498703802
K24683_Cover_PubGr.indd All Pages 12/16/15 3:00 PM

Postharvest Ripening
Physiology of Crops
Series Editor
Sunil Pareek
Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management
Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana, India
Postharvest Ripening Physiology of Crops (2016)
Edited by Sunil Pareek
Postharvest Ripening
Physiology of Crops
Edited by
Sunil Pareek
Boca Raton London New York
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Version Date: 20151207
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Contents
DEDICATION XXI
SERIES PREFACE XXVII
FOREWORD XXIX
PREFACE XXXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXXIII
EDITOR XXXV
CONTRIBUTORS XXXVII
1 Ripening Physiology: An Overview 1
SUNIL PAREEK
Abstract 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Climacteric Phenomenon 4
1.3 Physicochemical and Metabolic Changes 12
1.3.1 Color Changes 13
1.3.2 Sugar Changes 14
1.3.3 Organic Acid Changes 16
1.3.4 Flavor and Aroma Changes 18
1.3.5 Cell Wall and Textural Changes 22
1.3.6 Physiological Changes 28
1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 33
References 33
2 Postharvest Physiology of Fruits and Vegetables 49
PETER M.A. TOIVONEN
Abstract 50
2.1 Introduction 51
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C o n t e n t s
2.2 Classification of Fruits and Vegetables Based on
Physiological Characteristics 51
2.2.1 Ethylene Biology 51
2.2.2 Respiratory Characteristics: Climacteric and
Nonclimacteric 56
2.2.3 Developmental or Maturity Stage at Harvest 56
2.2.4 Tolerance to Low Temperatures 58
2.3 Factors Affecting Physiology of Fruits and Vegetables in
Postharvest Systems 60
2.3.1 Temperature 60
2.3.2 Humidity 62
2.3.3 Atmospheric Modification 64
2.3.4 Abiotic Stresses 65
2.4 Physiological Changes Occurring during Postharvest
Handling or Storage 66
2.4.1 Depletion of Respiratory Substrate 66
2.4.2 Hormonal Effects 68
2.4.3 Membrane Alterations 71
2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 71
References 72
3 Postharvest Quality of Ornamental Plants 81
FERNANDO L. FINGER, TANIA P. SILVA, FERNANDA
F. ARAUJO, AND JOSE G. BARBOSA
Abstract 82
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Quality Attributes in Ornamental Plants 83
3.3 Influence of Water Relations on Ornamental Longevity 85
3.4 Action of Ethylene on Ornamental Plant Quality 88
3.4.1 Inhibition of Ethylene Synthesis 91
3.4.2 Inhibition of Ethylene Action 93
3.4.3 Ethylene Absorbers 95
3.5 Role of Abscisic Acid, Gibberellins, and Cytokinins 96
3.6 Role of Calcium on Flower Senescence 97
3.7 Respiration 98
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C o n t e n t s
3.8 Temperature 99
3.9 Handling of Cut Flowers 102
3.10 Potted Plants 103
3.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 104
Acknowledgment 105
References 105
4 Physiology and Molecular Biology of
Flower Senescence 109
KENICHI SHIBUYA AND KAZUO ICHIMURA
Abstract 110
4.1 Introduction 110
4.2 Ethylene and Senescence of Cut Flowers 111
4.2.1 Ethylene Response of Cut Flowers 111
4.2.2 Types of Senescence in Cut Flowers with High
Ethylene Sensitivity 112
4.2.3 Ethylene in Petal-Wilting-Type Flowers 113
4.2.4 Ethylene in Petal-Abscission-Type Flowers 114
4.2.5 Ethylene Biosynthesis 114
4.2.6 Ethylene Signal Transduction 115
4.2.7 Acceleration of Flower Senescence by
Pollination 116
4.2.8 Acceleration of Flower Senescence by
Wounding 119
4.2.9 Effect of Temperature on Ethylene Production
and Perception 119
4.3 Plant Hormones Other than Ethylene in Flower
Senescence 120
4.3.1 Auxin 120
4.3.2 Gibberellin 120
4.3.3 Cytokinin 120
4.3.4 Abscisic Acid 121
4.3.5 Jasmonic Acid 122
4.4 Programmed Cell Death in Flower Senescence 122
4.4.1 Programmed Cell Death 122
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C o n t e n t s
4.4.2 Gene Expression during PCD in Flowers 123
4.4.3 Autophagy in Petal Senescence 124
4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 124
References 125
5 Respiratory Metabolism 139
MIKAL E. SALTVEIT
Abstract 140
5.1 Introduction 140
5.2 Why Measure Respiration? 141
5.3 Major Components of Respiration 142
5.3.1 Glycolysis 142
5.3.2 Pentose-Phosphate Shunt 142
5.3.3 Anaerobic Diversion 143
5.3.4 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 143
5.3.5 Electron Transport (Chemiosmotic
Phosphorylation) 145
5.4 Measurement of Respiration 146
5.4.1 Loss of Substrate, Heat Production, and Water 146
5.4.2 Consumption of Oxygen and Production of
Carbon Dioxide 147
5.4.2.1 Static System 147
5.4.2.2 Flow-Through or Dynamic System 149
5.5 Sampling and Analyzing 151
5.6 Instruments and Techniques 152
5.7 Pre- and Postharvest Factors Affecting Respiration 152
5.7.1 Temperature Effects 152
5.7.2 Respiratory Quotient 154
5.7.3 Physical Stress 154
5.7.4 Internal Factors 155
5.7.4.1 Genotype 155
5.7.4.2 Type of Plant Part 155
5.7.4.3 Respiratory Climacteric 155
5.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 156
References 156
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