Table Of ContentPhysics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Physics Reports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physrep
Electroweak measurements in electron–positron collisions at
W-boson-pair energies at LEP
The ALEPH Collaboration
The DELPHI Collaboration
The L3 Collaboration
The OPAL Collaboration
1
The LEP Electroweak Working Group
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the electron–positron collider
Accepted 29 July 2013 LEP at CERN from 1995 to 2000 are reported. The combined data set considered in
Available online 26 August 2013 −1
this report corresponds to a total luminosity of about 3 fb collected by the four
editor: J.A. Bagger
LEP experiments ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, at centre-of-mass energies ranging from
130 GeV to 209 GeV.
Keywords:
Combining the published results of the four LEP experiments, the measurements
Electron–positron physics
include total and differential cross-sections in photon-pair, fermion-pair and four-fermion
Electroweak interactions
Decays of heavy intermediate gauge bosons production, the latter resulting from both double-resonant WW and ZZ production as
Fermion–antifermion production well as singly resonant production. Total and differential cross-sections are measured
Precision measurements at W-pair energies precisely, providing a stringent test of the Standard Model at centre-of-mass energies
Tests of the Standard Model never explored before in electron–positron collisions. Final-state interaction effects in four-
Radiative corrections fermion production, such as those arising from colour reconnection and Bose–Einstein
Effective coupling constants correlations between the two W decay systems arising in WW production, are searched
Neutral weak current
for and upper limits on the strength of possible effects are obtained. The data are used
Z boson
to determine fundamental properties of the W boson and the electroweak theory. Among
W boson
Top quark others, themass andwidth of theW boson,mW andΓW , the branching fraction ofW decays
Z
Higgs boson to hadrons, B(W → had), and the trilinear gauge-boson self-couplings g1 , κγ and λγ are
determined to be:
mW = 80.376 ± 0.033 GeV
ΓW = 2.195 ± 0.083 GeV
B(W → had) = 67.41 ± 0.27%
Z +0.018
g1 = 0.984−0.020
κγ = 0.982 ± 0.042
λγ = −0.022 ± 0.019.
© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1 Web access at http://www.cern.ch/LEPEWWG.
0370-1573/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2013.07.004
120 The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244
Author Lists
The ALEPH, DELPHI, L3, OPAL collaborations have provided the inputs for the combined results presented in this Report.
The LEP ElectroweakWorking Group has performed the combinations. The Working Group consists of members of the four
LEP collaborations. The lists of authors from the collaborations follow.
The ALEPH Collaboration
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S. Schael, R. Barate, R. Brunelière, D. Buskulic, I. De Bonis, D. Decamp, P. Ghez, C. Goy, S. Jézéquel, J.-P. Lees, A. Lucotte, F. Martin, E.
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
Merle, M.-N. Minard, J.-Y. Nief, P. Odier, B. Pietrzyk, B. Trocmé, S. Bravo, M.P. Casado, M. Chmeissani, P. Comas, J.M. Crespo, E. Fernandez,
3 3,a15 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
M. Fernandez-Bosman, Ll. Garrido, E. Grauges, A. Juste, M. Martinez, G. Merino, R. Miquel, Ll.M. Mir, S. Orteu, A. Pacheco, I.C. Park, J.
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Perlas, I. Riu, H. Ruiz, F. Sanchez, A. Colaleo, D. Creanza, N. De Filippis, M. de Palma, G. Iaselli, G. Maggi, M. Maggi, S. Nuzzo, A. Ranieri, G.
4,a24 4 4 4 4 4,a3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Raso, F. Ruggieri, G. Selvaggi, L. Silvestris, P. Tempesta, A. Tricomi, G. Zito, X. Huang, J. Lin, Q. Ouyang, T. Wang, Y. Xie, R. Xu, S. Xue,
5 5 5 6 6 6 6,a33 6 6 6 6 6,a26
J. Zhang, L. Zhang, W. Zhao, D. Abbaneo, A. Bazarko, U. Becker, G. Boix, F. Bird, E. Blucher, B. Bonvicini, P. Bright-Thomas, T. Barklow,
6,a26 6 6 6 6,a23 6 6 6 6 6
O. Buchmüller, M. Cattaneo, F. Cerutti, V. Ciulli, B. Clerbaux, H. Drevermann, R.W. Forty, M. Frank, T.C. Greening, R. Hagelberg, A.W.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6,a30 6 6 6 6,a2 6
Halley, F. Gianotti, M. Girone, J.B. Hansen, J. Harvey, R. Jacobsen, D.E. Hutchcroft, P. Janot, B. Jost, J. Knobloch, M. Kado, I. Lehraus, P.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Lazeyras, P. Maley, P. Mato, J. May, A. Moutoussi, M. Pepe-Altarelli, F. Ranjard, L. Rolandi, D. Schlatter, B. Schmitt, O. Schneider, W. Tejessy, F.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
Teubert, I.R. Tomalin, E. Tournefier, R. Veenhof, A. Valassi, W. Wiedenmann, A.E. Wright, Z. Ajaltouni, F. Badaud, G. Chazelle, O. Deschamps,
7 7,a20 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
S. Dessagne, A. Falvard, C. Ferdi, D. Fayolle, P. Gay, C. Guicheney, P. Henrard, J. Jousset, B. Michel, S. Monteil, J.C. Montret, D. Pallin, J.M.
7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Pascolo, P. Perret, F. Podlyski, H. Bertelsen, T. Fernley, J.D. Hansen, J.R. Hansen, P.H. Hansen, A.C. Kraan, A. Lindahl, R. Mollerud, B.S. Nilsson, B.
8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10,a12 10
Rensch, A. Waananen, G. Daskalakis, A. Kyriakis, C. Markou, E. Simopoulou, I. Siotis, A. Vayaki, K. Zachariadou, A. Blondel, G. Bonneaud,
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11
J.-C. Brient, F. Machefert, A. Rougé, M. Rumpf, M. Swynghedauw, R. Tanaka, M. Verderi, H. Videau, V. Ciulli, E. Focardi, G. Parrini, K.
11 12 12 13 13 13 13,a34 13 13 13
Zachariadou, M. Corden, C. Georgiopoulos, A. Antonelli, M. Antonelli, G. Bencivenni, G. Bologna, F. Bossi, P. Campana, G. Capon, F.
13 13 13 13 13,a5 13 13 13 14 14 14
Cerutti, V. Chiarella, G. Felici, P. Laurelli, G. Mannocchi, G.P. Murtas, L. Passalacqua, P. Picchi, P. Colrain, I. ten Have, I.S. Hughes,
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
J. Kennedy, I.G. Knowles, J.G. Lynch, W.T. Morton, P. Negus, V. O’Shea, C. Raine, P. Reeves, J.M. Scarr, K. Smith, A.S. Thompson, R.M.
14 15 16 16,a4 16,a21 16 16 16 16 16
Turnbull, S. Wasserbaech, O. Buchmüller, R. Cavanaugh, S. Dhamotharan, C. Geweniger, P. Hanke, G. Hansper, V. Hepp, E.E. Kluge,
16 16 16 16 16 16,a19 17 17 17 17 17
A. Putzer, J. Sommer, H. Stenzel, K. Tittel, W. Werner, M. Wunsch, R. Beuselinck, D.M. Binnie, W. Cameron, G. Davies, P.J. Dornan,
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17,a14 17 17
S. Goodsir, N. Marinelli, E.B Martin, J. Nash, J. Nowell, S.A. Rutherford, J.K. Sedgbeer, J.C. Thompson, R. White, M.D. Williams, V.M.
18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19
Ghete, P. Girtler, E. Kneringer, D. Kuhn, G. Rudolph, E. Bouhova-Thacker, C.K. Bowdery, P.G. Buck, D.P. Clarke, G. Ellis, A.J. Finch, F.
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Foster, G. Hughes, R.W.L. Jones, N.R. Keemer, M.R. Pearson, N.A. Robertson, T. Sloan, M. Smizanska, S.W. Snow, M.I. Williams, O. van
20 20,a28 20,a31 20,a29 21 21 21 21 21
der Aa, C. Delaere, G.Leibenguth, V. Lemaitre, L.A.T. Bauerdick, U. Blumenschein, P. van Gemmeren, I. Giehl, F. Hölldorfer, K.
21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
Jakobs, M. Kasemann, F. Kayser, K. Kleinknecht, A.-S. Müller, G. Quast, B. Renk, E. Rohne, H.-G. Sander, S. Schmeling, H. Wachsmuth,
21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
R. Wanke, C. Zeitnitz, T. Ziegler, J.J. Aubert, C. Benchouk, A. Bonissent, J. Carr, P. Coyle, C. Curtil, A. Ealet, F. Etienne, D. Fouchez,
22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24
F. Motsch, P. Payre, D. Rousseau, A. Tilquin, M. Talby, M.Thulasidas, M. Aleppo, M. Antonelli, F. Ragusa, V. Büscher, A. David, H.
24,a32 24,a27 24 24 24 24,a32 24 24 24 24 24
Dietl, G. Ganis, K. Hüttmann, G. Lütjens, C. Mannert, W. Männer, H.-G. Moser, R. Settles, H. Seywerd, H. Stenzel, M. Villegas,
24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
W. Wiedenmann, G. Wolf, P. Azzurri, J. Boucrot, O. Callot, S. Chen, A. Cordier, M. Davier, L. Duflot, J.-F. Grivaz, Ph. Heusse,
25,a6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26
A. Jacholkowska, F. Le Diberder, J. Lefrançois, A.M. Mutz, M.H. Schune, L. Serin, J.-J. Veillet, I. Videau, D. Zerwas, P. Azzurri, G.
26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
Bagliesi, S. Bettarini, T. Boccali, C. Bozzi, G. Calderini, R. Dell’Orso, R. Fantechi, I. Ferrante, F. Fidecaro, L. Foà, A. Giammanco, A.
26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
Giassi, A. Gregorio, F. Ligabue, A. Lusiani, P.S. Marrocchesi, A. Messineo, F. Palla, G. Rizzo, G. Sanguinetti, A. Sciabà, G. Sguazzoni, P.
26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27
Spagnolo, J. Steinberger, R. Tenchini, C. Vannini, A. Venturi, P.G. Verdini, O. Awunor, G.A. Blair, G. Cowan, A. Garcia-Bellido, M.G.
27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28
Green, T. Medcalf, A. Misiejuk, J.A. Strong, P. Teixeira-Dias, D.R. Botterill, R.W. Clifft, T.R. Edgecock, M. Edwards, S.J. Haywood,
28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
P.R. Norton, I.R. Tomalin, J.J. Ward, B. Bloch-Devaux, D. Boumediene, P. Colas, S. Emery, B. Fabbro, W. Kozanecki, E. Lançon, M.-C.
29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30
Lemaire, E. Locci, P. Perez, J. Rander, J.F. Renardy, A. Roussarie, J.P. Schuller, J. Schwindling, B. Tuchming, B. Vallage, S.N. Black,
30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31,a25 31
J.H. Dann, H.Y. Kim, N. Konstantinidis, A.M. Litke, M.A. McNeil, G. Taylor, C.N. Booth, S. Cartwright, F. Combley, P.N. Hodgson,
31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
M. Lehto, L.F. Thompson, K. Affholderbach, E. Barberio, A. Böhrer, S. Brandt, H. Burkhardt, E. Feigl, C. Grupen, J. Hess, G. Lutters,
32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
H. Meinhard, J. Minguet-Rodriguez, L. Mirabito, A. Misiejuk, E. Neugebauer, A. Ngac, G. Prange, F. Rivera, P. Saraiva, U. Schäfer, U.
32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33 33 33
Sieler, L. Smolik, F. Stephan, H. Trier, M. Apollonio, C. Borean, L. Bosisio, R. Della Marina, G. Giannini, B. Gobbo, G. Musolino, L.
33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
Pitis, H. He, H. Kim, J. Putz, J. Rothberg, S.R. Armstrong, L. Bellantoni, K. Berkelman, D. Cinabro, J.S. Conway, K. Cranmer, P. Elmer,
35 35 35,a13 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
Z. Feng, D.P.S. Ferguson, Y. Gao, S. González, J. Grahl, J.L. Harton, O.J. Hayes, H. Hu, S. Jin, R.P. Johnson, J. Kile, P.A. McNamara
35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
III, J. Nielsen, W. Orejudos, Y.B. Pan, Y. Saadi, I.J. Scott, V. Sharma, A.M. Walsh, J. Walsh, J. Wear, J.H. von Wimmersperg-Toeller, W.
35 35 35 35 35 35 36
Wiedenmann, J. Wu, S.L. Wu, X. Wu, J.M. Yamartino, G. Zobernig, G. Dissertori.
1
Physikalisches Institut der RWTH-Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
2 2 3
Laboratoire de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN P -CNRS, F-74019 Annecy-le-Vieux Cedex, France
3 a7
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
4
Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
5 a8
Institute of High Energy Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
6
European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
7 2 3
Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire, Université Blaise Pascal, IN P -CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63177 Aubière, France
8 a9
Niels Bohr Institute, 2100 Copenhagen, DK-Denmark
9
Nuclear Research Center Demokritos (NRCD), GR-15310 Attiki, Greece
10 2 3
Laoratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN P -CNRS, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
11
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
12
Supercomputer Computations Research Institute, Florida State University, Tallahasee, FL-32306-4052, USA
13
Laboratori Nazionali dell’INFN (LNF-INFN), I-00044 Frascati, Italy
14 a10
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ,United Kingdom
15
Utah Valley State College, Orem, UT 84058, U.S.A.
16 a16
Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
17 a10
Department of Physics, Imperial College, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom
18 a18
Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
19 a10
Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
20
Institut de Physique Nucléaire, Département de Physique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
21 a16
Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244 121
22 2 3
Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Univ Méditerranée, IN P -CNRS, F-13288 Marseille, France
23
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano e INFN Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
24 a16
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Werner-Heisenberg-Institut, D-80805 München, Germany
25 2 3
Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université de Paris-Sud, IN P -CNRS, F-91898 Orsay Cedex, France
26
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università, INFN Sezione di Pisa, e Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56010 Pisa, Italy
27 a10
Department of Physics, Royal Holloway & Bedford New College, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, United Kingdom
28 a10
Particle Physics Dept., Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 OQX, United Kingdom
29 a17
CEA, DAPNIA/Service de Physique des Particules, CE-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
30 a22
Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
31 a10
Department of Physics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
32 a16
Fachbereich Physik, Universität Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
33
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste e INFN Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
34
Experimental Elementary Particle Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 U.S.A.
35 a11
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
36
Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Hönggerberg, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
a1
Also at CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
a2
Now at Fermilab, PO Box 500, MS 352, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
a3
Also at Dipartimento di Fisica di Catania and INFN Sezione di Catania, 95129 Catania, Italy.
a4
Now at University of Florida, Department of Physics, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
a5
Also IFSI sezione di Torino, INAF, Italy.
a6
Also at Groupe d’Astroparticules de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier II, 34095, Montpellier, France.
a7
Supported by CICYT, Spain.
a8
Supported by the National Science Foundation of China.
a9
Supported by the Danish Natural Science Research Council.
a10
Supported by the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council.
a11
Supported by the US Department of Energy, grant DE-FG0295-ER40896.
a12
Now at Departement de Physique Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
a13
Also at Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China.
a14
Supported by the Leverhulme Trust.
a15
Permanent address: Universitat de Barcelona, 08208 Barcelona, Spain.
a16
Supported by Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Germany.
a17
Supported by the Direction des Sciences de la Matière, C.E.A.
a18
Supported by the Austrian Ministry for Science and Transport.
a19
Now at SAP AG, 69185 Walldorf, Germany
a20
Now at Groupe d’ Astroparticules de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier, France.
a21
Now at BNP Paribas, 60325 Frankfurt am Mainz, Germany
a22
Supported by the US Department of Energy, grant DE-FG03-92ER40689.
a23
Now at Institut Inter-universitaire des hautes Energies (IIHE), CP 230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique
a24
Now at Dipartimento di Fisica e Tecnologie Relative, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
a25
Deceased.
a26
Now at SLAC, Stanford, CA 94309, U.S.A
a27
Now at CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
a28
Research Fellow of the Belgium FNRS
a29
Research Associate of the Belgium FNRS
a30
Now at Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
a31
Supported by the Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs through the Interuniversity Attraction Pole P5/27
a32
Now at Henryk Niewodnicznski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
a33
Supported by the Commission of the European Communities, contract ERBFMBICT982894
a34
Also Istituto di Fisica Generale, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
The DELPHI Collaboration
27 24 56 13 19 10 19 25 31 49
J. Abdallah, P. Abreu, W. Adam, P. Adzic, T. Albrecht, R. Alemany-Fernandez, T. Allmendinger, P.P. Allport, U. Amaldi, N. Amapane,
53 38 30 24 24 27 19 16 10 48 27
S. Amato, E. Anashkin, A. Andreazza, S. Andringa, N. Anjos, P. Antilogus, W-D. Apel, Y. Arnoud, S. Ask, B. Asman, J.E. Augustin, A.
10 10 50 22 29 18 58 41 10 27
Augustinus, P. Baillon, A. Ballestrero, P. Bambade, R. Barbier, D. Bardin, G.J. Barker, A. Baroncelli, M. Battaglia, M. Baubillier, K-H.
59 8 59 44 27 34 6 16 27 48 3
Becks, M. Begalli, A. Behrmann, K. Belous, E. Ben-Haim, N. Benekos, A. Benvenuti, C. Berat, M. Berggren, L. Berntzon, D. Bertrand, M.
42 42 11 33 57 31 42 Ď 25 23 54 22
Besancon, N. Besson, D. Bloch, M. Blom, M. Bluj, M. Bonesini, M. Boonekamp, P.S.L. Booth , G. Borisov, O. Botner, B. Bouquet, T.J.V.
25 18 45 54 37 20 9 35 56 59 31
Bowcock, I. Boyko, M. Bracko, R. Brenner, E. Brodet, P. Bruckman, J.M. Brunet, L. Bugge, B. Buschbeck, P. Buschmann, M. Calvi,
10 40 10 24 6 44 10 38 29 44
T. Camporesi, V. Canale, F. Carena, N. Castro, F. Cavallo, M. Chapkin, Ph. Charpentier, P. Checchia, R. Chierici, P. Chliapnikov, J.
14 20 10 15 22 51 55 1 39 36 3 48
Chudoba, K. Cieslik, P. Collins, R. Contri, G. Cosme, F. Cossutti, M.J. Costa, B. Crawley, D. Crennell, J. Cuevas, J. D’Hondt, J. Dalmau,
53 27 51 52 19 3 52 49 38 53
T. da Silva, W. Da Silva, G. Della Ricca, A. De Angelis, W. De Boer, C. De Clercq, B. De Lotto, N. De Maria, A. De Min, L. de Paula,
40 40 57 59 34 29 5 54 54 10 24
L. Di Ciaccio, A. Di Simone, K. Doroba, J. Drees, M. Dris, A. Duperrin, G. Eigen, T. Ekelof, M. Ellert, M. Elsing, M.C. Espirito Santo,
13 13,4 19 43 55 15 59 10 34 22
G. Fanourakis, D. Fassouliotis, M. Feindt, J. Fernandez, A. Ferrer, F. Ferro, U. Flagmeyer, H. Foeth, E. Fokitis, F. Fulda-Quenzer, J.
55 53 55 10 34 11 Ď 57 45,47 43 24 41
Fuster, M. Gandelman, C. Garcia, Ph. Gavillet, E. Gazis, D. Gele, R. Gokieli , B. Golob, G. Gomez-Ceballos, P. Gonçalves, E. Graziani,
22 57 39 19 54 59 37 35 19 28 19
G. Grosdidier, K. Grzelak, J. Guy, C. Haag, A. Hallgren, K. Hamacher, K. Hamilton, S. Haug, F. Hauler, V. Hedberg, M. Hennecke, H.
Ď 10 57 48 10 25 48 25 28 42 37 48
Herr , J. Hoffman, S-O. Holmgren, P.J. Holt, M.A. Houlden, K. Hultqvist, J.N. Jackson, G. Jarlskog, P. Jarry, D. Jeans, E.K. Johansson,
48 29 10 19 27 29 34 45 45,47 19
P.D. Johansson, P. Jonsson, C. Joram, L. Jungermann, F. Kapusta, S. Katsanevas, E. Katsoufis, G. Kernel, B.P. Kersevan, U. Kerzel, A.
17 25 10 33 13 15 4 18 18 20
Kiiskinen, B.T. King, N.J. Kjaer, P. Kluit, P. Kokkinias, V. Kostioukhine, C. Kourkoumelis, O. Kouznetsov, Z. Krumstein, M. Kucharczyk, J.
1 56 16 48 32 3 Ď 22 20 37 59 56 5
Lamsa, G. Leder, F. Ledroit, L. Leinonen, R. Leitner, J. Lemonne, V. Lepeltier , T. Lesiak, J. Libby, W. Liebig, D. Liko, A. Lipniacka, J.H.
53 36 13 42 37 56 59 34 56 43 43 53
Lopes, J.M. Lopez, D. Loukas, P. Lutz, L. Lyons, J. MacNaughton, A. Malek, S. Maltezos, F. Mandl, J. Marco, R. Marco, B. Marechal,
38 10 10 13 43 14 13 43 31
M. Margoni, J-C. Marin, C. Mariotti, A. Markou, C. Martinez-Rivero, J. Masik, N. Mastroyiannopoulos, F. Matorras, C. Matteuzzi, F.
38 38 25 30 1 49 56 28 48 19 12
Mazzucato, M. Mazzucato, R. Mc Nulty, C. Meroni, W.T. Meyer, E. Migliore, W. Mitaroff, U. Mjoernmark, T. Moa, M. Moch, K. Moenig,
15 33 53 15 59 59 33 8 39 21 37
R. Monge, J. Montenegro, D. Moraes, P. Morettini, U. Mueller, K. Muenich, M. Mulders, L. Mundim, W. Murray, B. Muryn, G. Myatt, T.
35 13 6 57 14 42 11 18,11 21
Myklebust, M. Nassiakou, F. Navarria, K. Nawrocki, S. Nemecek, R. Nicolaidou, V. Nikolaenko, M. Nikolenko, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, V.
122 The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244
44 18 24 17 17 42 55 31 6 25 Ď 20
Obraztsov, A. Olshevski, A. Onofre, R. Orava, K. Osterberg, A. Ouraou, A. Oyanguren, M. Paganoni, S. Paiano, J.P. Palacios, H. Palka ,
34 10 26 15 10 41 59 55 6 15 43
Th.D. Papadopoulou, L. Pape, C. Parkes, F. Parodi, U. Parzefall, A. Passeri, O. Passon, V. Perepelitsa, A. Perrotta, A. Petrolini, J. Piedra,
38 Ď 42 24 45,47 10 7 20 Ď 51 18 18 31
L. Pieri, F. Pierre , M. Pimenta, T. Podobnik, V. Poireau, M.E. Pol, G. Polok, P. Poropat , V. Pozdniakov, N. Pukhaeva, A. Pullia, D.
37 14 19 35 10 19 33 59 37 22 14 11
Radojicic, J. Rames, L. Ramler, A. Read, P. Rebecchi, J. Rehn, D. Reid, R. Reinhardt, P. Renton, F. Richard, J. Ridky, I. Ripp-Baudot, M.
43 43 49 38 1 22 6 42 44 18
Rivero, D. Rodriguez, A. Romero, P. Ronchese, E. Rosenberg, P. Roudeau, T. Rovelli, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, D. Ryabtchikov, A. Sadovsky,
17 55 19 27 10 Ď 37 39 59 42 Ď 18 29
L. Salmi, J. Salt, C. Sander, A. Savoy-Navarro, U. Schwickerath, A. Segar , R. Sekulin, M. Siebel, L. Simard, A. Sisakian , G. Smadja, O.
28 44 23 57 10 19 22 56 5 57 57
Smirnova, A. Sokolov, A. Sopczak, R. Sosnowski, T. Spassov, M. Stanitzki, A. Stocchi, J. Strauss, B. Stugu, M. Szczekowski, M. Szeptycka,
21 31 25 54 31 37 33 18 60 14
T. Szumlak, T. Tabarelli, A.C. Taffard, F. Tegenfeldt, F. Terranova, J. Thomas, J. Timmermans, L. Tkatchev, M. Tobin, S. Todorovova, B.
24 31 55 14 10 9 57 30 42 18 18
Tomé, A. Tonazzo, P. Tortosa, P. Travnicek, D. Treille, G. Tristram, M. Trochimczuk, C. Troncon, M-L. Turluer, I.A. Tyapkin, P. Tyapkin,
13 44 6 33 10 3 2 33 30 24
S. Tzamarias, V. Uvarov, G. Valenti, P. Van Dam, J. Van Eldik, A. Van Lysebetten, N. van Remortel, I. Van Vulpen, G. Vegni, F. Veloso, W.
39 Ď 2 29 40 42 51 14 59 25 19 59 3
Venus, F. Verbeure , P. Verdier, V. Verzi, D. Vilanova, L. Vitale, V. Vrba, H. Wahlen, A.J. Washbrook, C. Weiser, D. Wicke, J. Wickens,
37 11 20 44 20 57 46 18 18 18
G. Wilkinson, M. Winter, M. Witek, O. Yushchenko, A. Zalewska, P. Zalewski, D. Zavrtanik, V. Zhuravlov, N.I. Zimin, A. Zintchenko,
13
M. Zupan.
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011-3160, USA
2
Physics Department, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
3
IIHE, ULB-VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
4
Physics Laboratory, University of Athens, Solonos Str. 104, GR-10680 Athens, Greece
5
Department of Physics, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
6
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Bologna and INFN, Viale C. Berti Pichat 6/2, IT-40127 Bologna, Italy
7
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, rua Xavier Sigaud 150, BR-22290 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
8
Inst. de Física, Univ. Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, rua São Francisco Xavier 524, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
9
Collège de France, Lab. de Physique Corpusculaire, IN2P3-CNRS, FR-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
10
CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
11
Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, IN2P3-CNRS, BP28, FR-67037 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
12
Now at DESY-Zeuthen, Platanenallee 6, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
13
Institute of Nuclear Physics, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, P.O. Box 60228, GR-15310 Athens, Greece
14
FZU, Inst. of Phys. of the C.A.S. High Energy Physics Division, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21, Praha 8, Czech Republic
15
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova and INFN, Via Dodecaneso 33, IT-16146 Genova, Italy
16
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, FR-
38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
17
Helsinki Institute of Physics and Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
18
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Head Post Office, P.O. Box 79, RU-101 000 Moscow, Russian Federation
19
Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universität Karlsruhe, Postfach 6980, DE-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
20
Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN,Ul. Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31142 Krakow, Poland
21
Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, PL-30055 Krakow, Poland
22
LAL, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
23
School of Physics and Chemistry, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
24 o
LIP, IST, FCUL - Av. Elias Garcia, 14-1 , PT-1000 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
25
Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
26
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Kelvin Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
27
LPNHE, IN2P3-CNRS, Univ. Paris VI et VII, 4 place Jussieu, FR-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
28
Department of Physics, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 14, SE-223 63 Lund, Sweden
29
Université Claude Bernard de Lyon, IPNL, IN2P3-CNRS, FR-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
30
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano and INFN-MILANO, Via Celoria 16, IT-20133 Milan, Italy
31
Dipartimento di Fisica, Univ. di Milano-Bicocca and INFN-MILANO, Piazza della Scienza 3, IT-20126 Milan, Italy
32
IPNP of MFF, Charles Univ., Areal MFF, V Holesovickach 2, CZ-180 00, Praha 8, Czech Republic
33
NIKHEF, Postbus 41882, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
34
National Technical University, Physics Department, Zografou Campus, GR-15773 Athens, Greece
35
Physics Department, University of Oslo, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
36
Dpto. Fisica, Univ. Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, ES-33007 Oviedo, Spain
37
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
38
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Padova and INFN, Via Marzolo 8, IT-35131 Padua, Italy
39
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 OQX, UK
40
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma II and INFN, Tor Vergata, IT-00173 Rome, Italy
41
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma III and INFN, Via della Vasca Navale 84, IT-00146 Rome, Italy
42
DAPNIA/Service de Physique des Particules, CEA-Saclay, FR-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
43
Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (CSIC-UC), Avda. los Castros s/n, ES-39006 Santander, Spain
44
Institute for high energy physics, 142281 Protvino, Moscow region, Russian Federation
45
J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
46
Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Kostanjeviska 16a, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
47
Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
48
Fysikum, Stockholm University, Box 6730, SE-113 85 Stockholm, Sweden
49
Dipartimento di Fisica Sperimentale, Università di Torino and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, IT-10125 Turin, Italy
50
INFN,Sezione di Torino and Dipartimento di Fisica Teorica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 1, IT-10125 Turin, Italy
51
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste and INFN, Via A. Valerio 2, IT-34127 Trieste, Italy
52
Istituto di Fisica, Università di Udine and INFN, IT-33100 Udine, Italy
53
Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68528 Cidade Univ., Ilha do Fundão BR-21945-970 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
54
Department of Radiation Sciences, University of Uppsala, P.O. Box 535, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
55
IFIC, Valencia-CSIC, and D.F.A.M.N., U. de Valencia, Avda. Dr. Moliner 50, ES-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
56
Institut für Hochenergiephysik, Österr. Akad. d. Wissensch., Nikolsdorfergasse 18, AT-1050 Vienna, Austria
57
Inst. Nuclear Studies and University of Warsaw, Ul. Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland
58
Now at University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
59
Fachbereich Physik, University of Wuppertal, Postfach 100 127, DE-42097 Wuppertal, Germany
60
Now at Physik-Institut der Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Ď
Deceased
The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244 123
The L3 Collaboration
20 17 25 25 23 18 29 29 49 6,34
P.Achard, O.Adriani, M.Aguilar-Benitez, J.Alcaraz, G.Alemanni, J.Allaby, A.Aloisio, M.G.Alviggi, H.Anderhub, V.P.Andreev,
8 28 3 9 39 25 26 26 2 9 4 49,47
F.Anselmo, A.Arefiev, T.Azemoon, T.Aziz, P.Bagnaia, A.Bajo, G.Baksay, L.Baksay, S.V.Baldew, S.Banerjee, Sw.Banerjee, A.Barczyk,
18 23 8 46 33 23 13 49 17 3 25 13
R.Barillère, P.Bartalini, M.Basile, N.Batalova, R.Battiston, A.Bay, U.Becker, F.Behner, L.Bellucci, R.Berbeco, J.Berdugo, P.Berges,
33 49 33 29 49 4 35 2 1 12 39 17
B.Bertucci, B.L.Betev, M.Biasini, M.Biglietti, A.Biland, J.J.Blaising, S.C.Blyth, G.J.Bobbink, A.Böhm, L.Boldizsar, B.Borgia, S.Bottai,
49 20 20 41 4 13 33 13 13 8 29
D.Bourilkov, M.Bourquin, S.Braccini, J.G.Branson, F.Brochu, J.D.Burger, W.J.Burger, X.D.Cai, M.Capell, G.Cara Romeo, G.Carlino,
17 25 39 36 33 25 20 44 24 44 7 7
A.Cartacci, J.Casaus, F.Cavallari, N.Cavallo, C.Cecchi, M.Cerrada, M.Chamizo, Y.H.Chang, M.Chemarin, A.Chen, G.Chen, G.M.Chen,
22 7 29 40 8 13 38 4 25 39 25 33
H.F.Chen, H.S.Chen, G.Chiefari, L.Cifarelli, F.Cindolo, I.Clare, R.Clare, G.Coignet, N.Colino, S.Costantini, B.de la Cruz, S.Cucciarelli,
29 20 12 4 26 47 29 20 37 39
R.de Asmundis, P.Déglon, J.Debreczeni, A.Degré, K.Dehmelt, K.Deiters, D.della Volpe, E.Delmeire, P.Denes, F.DeNotaristefani,
49 39 2 39 49 29 10,♯ 4 1 20 18 1
A.De Salvo, M.Diemoz, M.Dierckxsens, C.Dionisi, M.Dittmar, A.Doria, M.T.Dova, D.Duchesneau, M.Duda, B.Echenard, A.Eline, A.El Hage,
24 35 13 20 25 39 32 24 34 49 35 1
H.El Mamouni, A.Engler, F.J.Eppling, P.Extermann, M.A.Falagan, S.Falciano, A.Favara, J.Fay, O.Fedin, M.Felcini, T.Ferguson, H.Fesefeldt,
33 20 31 13 37 13 49 27 28,13 9
E.Fiandrini, J.H.Field, F.Filthaut, P.H.Fisher, W.Fisher, G.Forconi, K.Freudenreich, C.Furetta, Yu.Galaktionov, S.N.Ganguli, P.Garcia-
25 32 39 39 22 24 49 16 37 9 46 5
Abia, M.Gataullin, S.Gentile, S.Giagu, Z.F.Gong, G.Grenier, O.Grimm, M.W.Gruenewald, V.K.Gupta, A.Gurtu, L.J.Gutay, D.Haas,
8 1 18 35 49 26 49 44 7 14 3 2
D.Hatzifotiadou, T.Hebbeker, A.Hervé, J.Hirschfelder, H.Hofer, M.Hohlmann, G.Holzner, S.R.Hou, B.N.Jin, P.Jindal, L.W.Jones, P.de Jong,
25 14 20 43 18 31 13,28 31 46 13,28
I.Josa-Mutuberría, M.Kaur, M.N.Kienzle-Focacci, J.K.Kim, J.Kirkby, W.Kittel, A.Klimentov, A.C.König, M.Kopal, V.Koutsenko,
49 35 48 13 25 24 17 18 13 24 49
M.Kräber, R.W.Kraemer, A.Krüger, A.Kunin, P.Ladron de Guevara, I.Laktineh, G.Landi, M.Lebeau, A.Lebedev, P.Lebrun, P.Lecomte,
18 49 18 48 27 34 22 48 44 44 2 29
P.Lecoq, P.Le Coultre, J.M.Le Goff, R.Leiste, M.Levtchenko, P.Levtchenko, C.Li, S.Likhoded, C.H.Lin, W.T.Lin, F.L.Linde, L.Lista,
7 48 39 7 39 39 49 22 18 28 25 37 24
Z.A.Liu, W.Lohmann, E.Longo, Y.S.Lu, C.Luci, L.Luminari, W.Lustermann, W.G.Ma, L.Malgeri, A.Malinin, C.Maña, J.Mans, J.P.Martin,
39 9 6 18,29 29 17 31 11 18 39 1
F.Marzano, K.Mazumdar, R.R.McNeil, S.Mele, L.Merola, M.Meschini, W.J.Metzger, A.Mihul, H.Milcent, G.Mirabelli, J.Mnich,
9 24 2 39 15 20 29 49 32 39 31
G.B.Mohanty, G.S.Muanza, A.J.M.Muijs, M.Musy, S.Nagy, S.Natale, M.Napolitano, F.Nessi-Tedaldi, H.Newman, A.Nisati, T.Novak,
48 49 39 46 25 29 39 17 29 10 33 13
H.Nowak, R.Ofierzynski, G.Organtini, I.Pal, C.Palomares, P.Paolucci, R.Paramatti, G.Passaleva, S.Patricelli, T.Paul, M.Pauluzzi, C.Paus,
49 39 27 4 29 8 41 33 37 27 28 20
F.Pauss, M.Pedace, S.Pensotti, D.Perret-Gallix, D.Piccolo, F.Pierella, M.Pieri, M.Pioppi, P.A.Piroué, E.Pistolesi, V.Plyaskin, M.Pohl,
17 18 34 49 9 15 9 49 27 17 48
V.Pojidaev, J.Pothier, D.Prokofiev, G.Rahal-Callot, M.A.Rahaman, P.Raics, N.Raja, R.Ramelli, P.G.Rancoita, R.Ranieri, A.Raspereza,
30 26 49 39 10 48 3 3 25 48 1 1
P.Razis, S.Rembeczki, D.Ren, M.Rescigno, S.Reucroft, S.Riemann, K.Riles, B.P.Roe, L.Romero, A.Rosca, C.Rosemann, C.Rosenbleck, S.Rosier-
4 1 18 17 49 49 6 39 18 25 18 34
Lees, S.Roth, J.A.Rubio, G.Ruggiero, H.Rykaczewski, A.Sakharov, S.Saremi, S.Sarkar, J.Salicio, E.Sanchez, C.Schäfer, V.Schegelsky,
21 31 29 33 32 42 13 28 32 43 24
H.Schopper, D.J.Schotanus, C.Sciacca, L.Servoli, S.Shevchenko, N.Shivarov, V.Shoutko, E.Shumilov, A.Shvorob, D.Son, C.Souga,
17 13 37 42 20 9 42 22 1 49 10
P.Spillantini, M.Steuer, D.P.Stickland, B.Stoyanov, A.Straessner, K.Sudhakar, G.Sultanov, L.Z.Sun, S.Sushkov, H.Suter, J.D.Swain,
26,ű 7 15 5 10 24 24 31 13 13 9 12
Z.Szillasi, X.W.Tang, P.Tarjan, L.Tauscher, L.Taylor, B.Tellili, D.Teyssier, C.Timmermans, S.C.C.Ting, S.M.Ting, S.C.Tonwar, J.Tóth,
37 7 49 39 31 46 12 28 49 4 5
C.Tully, K.L.Tung, J.Ulbricht, E.Valente, R.T.Van de Walle, R.Vasquez, G.Vesztergombi, I.Vetlitsky, G.Viertel, M.Vivargent, S.Vlachos,
26 35 48 35,28 34 5 31 22 22 18 37,Ď 32
I.Vodopianov, H.Vogel, H.Vogt, I.Vorobiev, A.A.Vorobyov, M.Wadhwa, Q.Wang X.L.Wang, Z.M.Wang, M.Weber, S.Wynhoff, L.Xia,
22 3 22 7 3 7 45 34 34 22 22 7 32 7
Z.Z.Xu, J.Yamamoto, B.Z.Yang, C.G.Yang, H.J.Yang, M.Yang, S.C.Yeh, An.Zalite, Yu.Zalite, Z.P.Zhang, J.Zhao, G.Y.Zhu, R.Y.Zhu, H.L.Zhuang,
8,18,19 49 1
A.Zichichi, B.Zimmermann, M.Zöller.
1 §
III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
2
National Institute for High Energy Physics, NIKHEF, and University of Amsterdam, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
4
Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, LAPP,IN2P3-CNRS, BP 110, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux CEDEX, France
5
Institute of Physics, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
6
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
7 △
Institute of High Energy Physics, IHEP, 100039 Beijing, China
8
University of Bologna and INFN-Sezione di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
9
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai (Bombay) 400 005, India
10
Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
11
Institute of Atomic Physics and University of Bucharest, R-76900 Bucharest, Romania
12 Ě
Central Research Institute for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest 114, Hungary
13
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
14
Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
15 ű
KLTE-ATOMKI, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
16
UCD School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
17
INFN Sezione di Firenze and University of Florence, I-50125 Florence, Italy
18
European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
19
World Laboratory, FBLJA Project, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
20
University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
21
University of Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
22 △
Chinese University of Science and Technology, USTC, Hefei, Anhui 230 029, China
23
University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
24
Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, IN2P3-CNRS,Université Claude Bernard, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
25
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, E-28040 Madrid, Spain♭
26
Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
27
INFN-Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milan, Italy
28
Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, ITEP, Moscow, Russia
29
INFN-Sezione di Napoli and University of Naples, I-80125 Naples, Italy
30
Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
31
Radboud University and NIKHEF, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
32
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
33
INFN-Sezione di Perugia and Università Degli Studi di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy
34
Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
35
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
36
INFN-Sezione di Napoli and University of Potenza, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
37
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
38
University of Californa, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
39
INFN-Sezione di Roma and University of Rome, ‘‘La Sapienza’’, I-00185 Rome, Italy
40
University and INFN, Salerno, I-84100 Salerno, Italy
124 The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244
41
University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
42
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Central Lab. of Mechatronics and Instrumentation, BU-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
43
The Center for High Energy Physics, Kyungpook National University, 702-701 Taegu, Republic of Korea
44
National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, China
45
Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, China
46
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
47
Paul Scherrer Institut, PSI, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
48
DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
49
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
§
Supported by the German Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie.
Ě
Supported by the Hungarian OTKA fund under contract numbers T019181, F023259 and T037350.
ű
Also supported by the Hungarian OTKA fund under contract number T026178.
♭
Supported also by the Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología.
♯
Also supported by CONICET and Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
△
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Ď
Deceased.
The OPAL Collaboration
2 7 5 7 21 15 5 25 1 8
G. Abbiendi , K. Ackerstaff , C. Ainsley , P.F. Åkesson , G. Alexander , J. Allison , N. Altekamp , K. Ametewee , G. Anagnostou , K.J. Anderson , S.
11 2 22 1 26 17 7 25 7,p 31 15 3
Anderson , S. Arcelli , S. Asai , S.F. Ashby , D. Axen , G. Azuelos , A.H. Ball , I. Bailey , E. Barberio , T. Barillari , R.J. Barlow , R. Bartoldus , R.J.
5 3 24 13 15 24 19 1 21 6 4 7,aa
Batley , S. Baumann , P. Bechtle , J. Bechtluft , C. Beeston , T. Behnke , K.W. Bell , P.J. Bell , G. Bella , A. Bellerive , G. Benelli , S. Bentvelsen ,
9 31 30 9 24 1 1 9 10 9 2
P. Berlich , S. Bethke , O. Biebel , O. Boeriu , V. Blobel , I.J. Bloodworth , J.E. Bloomer , M. Bobinski , P. Bock , O. Boeriu , D. Bonacorsi , H.M.
10 30 11 2 1 2 19 7 7 9
Bosch , M. Boutemeur , B.T. Bouwens , S. Braibant , P. Bright-Thomas , L. Brigliadori , R.M. Brown , H.J. Burckhart , C. Burgard , R. Bürgin , J.
3 4 2 6 12 5 16 1 4 2 14,bb
Cammin , S. Campana , P. Capiluppi , R.K. Carnegie , A.A. Carter , J.R. Carter , C.Y. Chang , D.G. Charlton , D. Chrisman , C. Ciocca , P.E.L. Clarke ,
14 21 14 15 14 12 8 28 2 20 16
E. Clay , I. Cohen , J.E. Conboy , O.C. Cooke , J. Couchman , C. Couyoumtzelis , R.L. Coxe , A. Csilling , M. Cuffiani , S. Dado , C. Dallapiccola ,
2 15 11,cc 7 14 7,s 7 24 29 6
M. Dallavalle , S. Dallison , S. De Jong , A. De Roeck , P. Dervan , E.A. De Wolf , L.A. del Pozo , K. Desch , B. Dienes , M.S. Dixit , E. do
11 6 17 30 23 30 15 15 6 21
Couto e Silva , M. Donkers , M. Doucet , J. Dubbert , E. Duchovni , G. Duckeck , I.P. Duerdoth , J.E.G. Edwards , P.G. Estabrooks , E. Etzion ,
8,dd 12 2 2 10 9 7 30 2 3 9 23,kk
H.G. Evans , M. Evans , F. Fabbri , M. Fanti , P. Fath , L. Feld , P. Ferrari , F. Fiedler , M. Fierro , H.M. Fischer , I. Fleck , R. Folman , D.G.
16 15 17 7 7 15 11 4 17 16,ee 24
Fong , M. Ford , M. Foucher , A. Frey , A. Fürtjes , D.I. Futyan , P. Gagnon , J.W. Gary , J. Gascon , S.M. Gascon-Shotkin , G. Gaycken , N.I.
19 3 19 2 2 2 5 12 27 4
Geddes , C. Geich-Gimbel , T. Geralis , G. Giacomelli , P. Giacomelli , R. Giacomelli , V. Gibson , W.R. Gibson , D.M. Gingrich , M. Giunta , D.
8,ff 20 5 4 25 2 23 21 7 3 8
Glenzinski , J. Goldberg , M.J. Goodrick , W. Gorn , K. Graham , C. Grandi , E. Gross , J. Grunhaus , M. Gruwé , P.O. Günther , A. Gupta , C.
28 24 4 7 12 24 20 6 4 8 3
Hajdu , M. Hamann , G.G. Hanson , M. Hansroul , M. Hapke , K. Harder , A. Harel , C.K. Hargrove , M. Harin-Dirac , P.A. Hart , C. Hartmann ,
3 7 1 7 6 24 16 9 24,y 7,gg
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5 1 9 33 8 7 1 7 28,c 27 26
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15 24 5 10 25 15 22 19 16 19
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17 1 17 5 15 6 7,hh 10 1 6,i 22 22,u
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17 25 15 22 22 25 16 19 18 7
G. Karapetian , D. Karlen , V. Kartvelishvili , K. Kawagoe , T. Kawamoto , R.K. Keeler , R.G. Kellogg , B.W. Kennedy , D.H. Kim , B.J. King ,
26 10 23 31 22 3,t 6 3 9 22 25
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24 29,e 10 6,l 10 24 23 12 15 16
Krämer , A. Krasznahorkay Jr. , T. Kress , P. Krieger , J. von Krogh , T. Kuhl , M. Kupper , P. Kyberd , G.D. Lafferty , R. Lahmann , W.P.
18 20 13,∗ 14 34 25 4 20 34 17 30
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23 o 23 14 10 9 24 24 5 1 12 15
Lellouch , J. Letts , L. Levinson , C. Lewis , R. Liebisch , J. Lillich , B. List , J. List , C. Littlewood , A.W. Lloyd , S.L. Lloyd , F.K. Loebinger , G.D.
16 6,∗ 26,b 3,t 9 17 27,y 3,t 7 2 15
Long , M.J. Losty , J. Lu , A. Ludwig , J. Ludwig , A. Macchiolo , A. Macpherson , W. Mader , M. Mannelli , S. Marcellini , T.E. Marchant ,
3 12 17 16 22 25 23,m 27 26 14
C. Markus , A.J. Martin , J.P. Martin , G. Martinez , T. Mashimo , W. Matthews , P. Mättig , W.J. McDonald , J. McKenna , E.A. Mckigney ,
1 12 25 30 7 24 3 8 6,a 24
T.J. McMahon , A.I. McNab , R.A. McPherson , P. Mendez-Lorenzo , F. Meijers , W. Menges , S. Menke , F.S. Merritt , H. Mes , N. Meyer ,
24 2 22 23 14 23,ii 9 2 22 22,jj 3
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9 12 22,v 22 32 3 15 31 1,∗ 6 2
Mutter , K. Nagai , I. Nakamura , H. Nanjo , H.A. Neal , B. Nellen , B. Nijjhar , R. Nisius , S.W. O’Neale , F.G. Oakham , F. Odorici , H.O.
11 7 10 15 22 8 22,∗ 31 29 4,g 15 19
Ogren , A. Oh , A. Okpara , N.J. Oldershaw , T. Omori , M.J. Oreglia , S. Orito , C. Pahl , J. Pálinkás , G. Pásztor , J.R. Pater , G.N. Patrick ,
9 1 24 13,∗ 8 27 7 25 7 2 13
J. Patt , M.J. Pearce , S. Petzold , P. Pfeifenschneider , J.E. Pilcher , J. Pinfold , D.E. Plane , P. Poffenberger , J. Polok , B. Poli , O. Pooth , A.
3 7,n 27 31 7,r 1 7 23 4 1 25
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12 27 25 14 7 3 15 2 25 27 20 9
Robins , N. Rodning , J.M. Roney , A. Rooke , E. Ros , S. Rosati , K. Roscoe , A.M. Rossi , M. Rosvick , P. Routenburg , Y. Rozen , K. Runge ,
7 13 11 25 6 22 30 7,j 22 2 30
O. Runolfsson , U. Ruppel , D.R. Rust , R. Rylko , K. Sachs , T. Saeki , O. Sahr , E.K.G. Sarkisyan , M. Sasaki , C. Sbarra , A.D. Schaile , O.
30 7 24 31 7 10 7,z 7 9 7
Schaile , P. Scharff-Hansen , P. Schenk , J. Schieck , B. Schmitt , S. Schmitt , T. Schörner-Sadenius , M. Schröder , H.C. Schultz-Coulon , M. Schulz ,
3 3 7 19 13,f 7,h 4,∗ 19 14
M. Schumacher , P. Schütz , C. Schwick , W.G. Scott , R. Seuster , T.G. Shears , B.C. Shen , C.H. Shepherd-Themistocleous , P. Sherwood , G.P.
2 24 14 16 7 25 16,∗ 25 15 19 8,x
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27 19 13 10 15 24 3 9 18 30 7
Springer , M. Sproston , A. Stahl , M. Steiert , K. Stephens , J. Steuerer , B. Stockhausen , K. Stoll , D. Strom , R. Ströhmer , F. Strumia , L.
25 7 19 17 1 22 17 20 14 7,d 8
Stumpf , B. Surrow , P. Szymanski , R. Tafirout , S.D. Talbot , S. Tanaka , P. Taras , S. Tarem , R.J. Taylor , M. Tasevsky , R. Teuscher , M.
9 14 5 3 18 6 22 30 7,w 29,e 22
Thiergen , J. Thomas , M.A. Thomson , E. von Törne , E. Torrence , S. Towers , D. Toya , T. Trefzger , I. Trigger , Z. Trócsányi , T. Tsukamoto , E.
21 8 1 22 29,e 10 11 9 29,e 16
Tsur , A.S. Turcot , M.F. Turner-Watson , I. Ueda , B. Ujvári , P. Utzat , B. Vachon25, R. Van Kooten , P. Vannerem , R. Vértesi , M. Verzocchi ,
17 25 15 30 7,q 7,h 9 24 6 5 5
P. Vikas , M. Vincter , E.H. Vokurka , C.F. Vollmer , H. Voss , J. Vossebeld , F. Wäckerle , A. Wagner , D. Waller , C.P. Ward , D.R. Ward , J.J.
14 1 1 1 7 7 3 10 25 9 15,k
Ward , P.M. Watkins , A.T. Watson , N.K. Watson , P.S. Wells , T. Wengler , N. Wermes , D. Wetterling J.S. White , B. Wilkens , G.W. Wilson ,
1 23 5 15 22 23 17 4 20
J.A. Wilson , G. Wolf , S. Wotton , T.R. Wyatt , S. Yamashita , G. Yekutieli , V. Zacek , D. Zer-Zion , L. Zivkovic
1
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
2
Dipartimento di Fisica dell’ Università di Bologna and INFN, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
3
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
4
Department of Physics, University of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA
5
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
6
Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Physics, Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
7
CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
8
Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA
The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244 125
9
Fakultät für Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
10
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
11
Indiana University, Department of Physics, Bloomington IN 47405, USA
12
Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
13
Technische Hochschule Aachen, III Physikalisches Institut, Sommerfeldstrasse 26-28, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
14
University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
15
School of Physics and Astronomy, Schuster Laboratory, The University of Manchester M13 9PL, UK
16
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
17
Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
18
University of Oregon, Department of Physics, Eugene OR 97403, USA
19
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
20
Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
21
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
22
International Centre for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, and Kobe University, Kobe
657-8501, Japan
23
Particle Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
24
Universität Hamburg/DESY, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
25
University of Victoria, Department of Physics, P O Box 3055, Victoria BC V8W 3P6, Canada
26
University of British Columbia, Department of Physics, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
27
University of Alberta, Department of Physics, Edmonton AB T6G 2J1, Canada
28
Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, H-1525 Budapest, P O Box 49, Hungary
29
Institute of Nuclear Research, H-4001 Debrecen, P O Box 51, Hungary
30
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sektion Physik, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
31
Max-Planck-Institute für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, D-80805 München, Germany
32
Yale University, Department of Physics, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
33
Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
34
Duke University, Dept of Physics, Durham, NC 27708-0305, USA
a
and at TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada V6T 2A3
b
now at University of Alberta
c
and Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
d
now at Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
e
and Department of Experimental Physics, University of Debrecen, Hungary
f
and MPI München
g
and Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary
h
now at University of Liverpool, Dept of Physics, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.
i
now at Fermilab, Illinois, U.S.A.
j
and University of Texas at Arlington, USA
k
now at University of Kansas, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Lawrence, KS 66045, U.S.A.
l
now at University of Toronto, Dept of Physics, Toronto, Canada
m
current address Bergische Universität, Wuppertal, Germany
n
now at University of Mining and Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland
o
now at University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.
p
now at The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
q
now at IPHE Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
r
now at IEKP Universität Karlsruhe, Germany
s
nowatUniversity of Antwerpen, PhysicsDepartment,B-2610Antwerpen, Belgium; supported by Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme–Belgian
Science Policy
t
now at Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
u
and High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
v
now at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
w
now at TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
x
now at Columbia University
y
now at CERN
aa
now at Nikhef, the Netherlands
bb
now at University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
cc
now at University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands
dd
now at Indiana University, USA
ee
now at IPN Lyon, France
ff
now at Fermilab, USA
gg
now at University of Notre Dame, USA
hh
now at University of Lancaster, United Kingdom
ii
now at Technion, Haifa, Israel
jj
now at Harvard University, USA
kk
now at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
∗
Deceased
In addition to the support staff at our own institutions we are pleased to acknowledge the
Department of Energy, USA, National Science Foundation, USA, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, UK, Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council, Canada, Israel Science Foundation, administered by the Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, Benoziyo Center for High Energy
Physics, Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and a grant under the MEXT International Science Research
Program, Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), German Israeli Bi-national Science Foundation (GIF), Bundesministerium für Bildung und
Forschung, Germany, National Research Council of Canada, Hungarian Foundation for Scientific Research, OTKA T-038240, and T-042864, The NWO/NATO
Fund for Scientific Research, the Netherlands.
126 The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244
Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................. 127
1.1. LEP-II data.................................................................................................................................................................................... 127
1.2. Standard-model processes ......................................................................................................................................................... 128
2. Photon-pair production .......................................................................................................................................................................... 130
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 130
2.2. Event selection ............................................................................................................................................................................ 130
2.3. Theory.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 131
2.3.1. QED born cross-section ............................................................................................................................................... 131
2.3.2. Non-QED models ......................................................................................................................................................... 131
2.3.3. Radiative corrections ................................................................................................................................................... 132
2.3.4. Theory uncertainty ...................................................................................................................................................... 132
2.4. Combination of the differential cross-section .......................................................................................................................... 133
2.5. Combined total cross-section..................................................................................................................................................... 136
2.6. Interpretation.............................................................................................................................................................................. 136
2.7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................... 136
3. Fermion-pair production ........................................................................................................................................................................ 137
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 137
3.2. Averages for cross-sections and asymmetries .......................................................................................................................... 139
3.3. Differential cross-sections for muon- and tau-pair final states............................................................................................... 140
3.4. Differential cross-sections for electron–positron final states.................................................................................................. 143
3.5. Interpretation.............................................................................................................................................................................. 143
′
3.5.1. Models with Z bosons ................................................................................................................................................ 144
3.5.2. Contact interactions .................................................................................................................................................... 147
3.5.3. Large extra dimensions ............................................................................................................................................... 152
3.5.4. Leptoquarks.................................................................................................................................................................. 153
3.6. Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 153
4. Final-state interconnection effects ........................................................................................................................................................ 153
4.1. Colour reconnection ................................................................................................................................................................... 154
4.1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 154
4.1.2. Particle-flow measurements....................................................................................................................................... 154
4.1.3. Determination of CR effects using W mass estimators ............................................................................................. 157
4.1.4. Combination of LEP CR measurements ...................................................................................................................... 158
4.1.5. Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................... 159
4.2. Bose–Einstein correlations ......................................................................................................................................................... 159
4.2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 159
4.2.2. Methods........................................................................................................................................................................ 159
4.2.3. Distributions ................................................................................................................................................................ 160
4.2.4. Results .......................................................................................................................................................................... 161
4.2.5. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................. 162
5. Boson-pair and four-fermion processes ................................................................................................................................................ 163
5.1. Introduction and signal definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 163
5.2. W-pair production ...................................................................................................................................................................... 166
5.2.1. Total cross-section measurement............................................................................................................................... 166
5.2.2. Derived quantities ....................................................................................................................................................... 168
5.2.3. W angular distribution ................................................................................................................................................ 171
5.3. Z-pair production ....................................................................................................................................................................... 172
∗
5.4. Z-γ production.......................................................................................................................................................................... 172
5.5. Single-boson production ............................................................................................................................................................ 174
5.5.1. Weν cross-section measurement ............................................................................................................................... 175
5.5.2. Zee cross-section measurement ................................................................................................................................. 177
5.6. WWγ production ....................................................................................................................................................................... 178
5.7. Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 179
6. Electroweak gauge boson self couplings ............................................................................................................................................... 180
6.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 180
6.1.1. Charged triple gauge boson couplings ....................................................................................................................... 181
6.1.2. Neutral triple gauge boson couplings......................................................................................................................... 181
6.2. Combination procedure.............................................................................................................................................................. 182
6.3. Measurements ............................................................................................................................................................................ 183
6.4. Results ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 183
6.4.1. Charged triple gauge boson couplings ....................................................................................................................... 184
6.4.2. Neutral triple gauge boson couplings......................................................................................................................... 185
6.5. Summary and conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................... 186
7. Mass and width of the W boson ............................................................................................................................................................ 188
7.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 188
7.2. Determination of the W mass at the W-pair production threshold ....................................................................................... 188
The ALEPH Collaboration et al. / Physics Reports 532 (2013) 119–244 127
7.3. Measurement of mass and width by direct reconstruction ..................................................................................................... 189
7.3.1. Mass reconstruction .................................................................................................................................................... 189
7.3.2. Kinematic fitting .......................................................................................................................................................... 189
7.3.3. Techniques for determining the W-boson mass and width ..................................................................................... 190
7.3.4. Combination procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 191
7.3.5. Overview of systematic uncertainties ........................................................................................................................ 191
7.4. LEP combined W-boson mass.................................................................................................................................................... 195
7.5. Consistency checks ..................................................................................................................................................................... 195
7.6. LEP combined W-boson width .................................................................................................................................................. 196
7.7. Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 197
8. Summary and conclusions...................................................................................................................................................................... 197
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................................. 198
Appendix A. S-Matrix......................................................................................................................................................................... 198
A.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 198
A.2. The S-Matrix ansatz .................................................................................................................................................................... 199
A.3. LEP-I combination....................................................................................................................................................................... 200
A.4. Discussion..................
