Portugal in European and World History

258 Pages·2009·2.35 MB·English

by  Malyn Newitt

portugal in european and world history

PORTUGAL
IN EUROPEAN AND
WORLD HISTORY
Malyn Newitt
reaktion books
Published by
Reaktion Books Ltd
33Great Sutton Street
Londonec1v 0dx, uk
www.reaktionbooks.co.uk
First published 2009
Copyright © Malyn Newitt 2009
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
the publishers.
Printed and bound in Great Britain
byCromwell Press Group, Trowbridge, Wiltshire
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Newitt, M. D. D.
Portugal in European and world history.
1. Portugal –History.
2. Portugal –Foreign relations.
I. Title
946.9-dc22
isbn: 978 1 86189 519 6
Contents
List of Maps 6
Glossary and Abbreviations 7
Introduction 11
1The Second Crusade and the Capture of Lisbon 18
2The Hundred Years War and the Crisis of Portuguese
Independence 32
3Portugal and the Discoveries 49
4The First European Maritime Empire 67
5The Union with Spain and the Armada 1578–89 82
6The Portuguese Restoration and the General Crisis of the
Seventeenth Century 97
7Portugal, the Inquisition and the Triumph of
English Merchant Capitalism 113
8The Lisbon Earthquake, the Enlightenment
and Crisis Politics 132
9Portugal’s Moment of Truth: The French and British
Struggle for the Control of Lisbon 150
10Portugal among the Great Powers:
The Scramble for Africa 174
11Portugal and the End of Empire 197
Epilogue 217
References 223
Bibliography 235
Acknowledgements 242
Index 243
List of Maps
Portugal and Western Spain 16
The Portuguese Atlantic, 16th to 18th centuries 48
The Estado da Índia, 16th to 17th centuries 68
Delagoa Bay and its Hinterland, late 19th to 20th centuries 179
6
Glossary and Abbreviations
Águas livres The aqueduct built in Lisbon in the
eighteenth century
Auto da fé Literally ‘Act of faith’. The ceremony
at which those condemned by the
Inquisition were punished
Banda Oriental The East bank. This refers to the region
on the left bank of the Río de la Plata,
which later became Uruguay
Câmara Municipal council
Carreira da Índia The passage of Portuguese Indiamen
between Lisbon and Goa
Cartaz A pass or safe conduct sold to Asian ships
by the Portuguese
Comissários dos Armazéns Commissioners for the arsenals
Comissários volantes Itinerant traders
Comité de Salut Public Committee of Public Safety
Concelho Council. Self-governing communes in
medieval Portugal
Conto A thousand escudos
Converso A Jew who had converted to Christianity
or who was descended from one who had
converted
cplp Comunidades dos Países de Língua
Portuguesa
Cruzado A silver coin valued at 400reis
Dobra Gold coin minted in Morocco and Castile.
Monetary reform in Portugal led to the
minting of escudos in 1435–6with a parity
with the dobra
7
Dom From the latin dominus.Courtesy title
used by all Portuguese kings and by
noblemen
Encoberto The hidden one. Refers to the prophecies
of Bandarra, which were the origin of
the cult of Dom Sebastião
Estado da Índia The State of India. Portugal’s empire in
the East centred on Goa
Estrangeirado A Portuguese who has become influenced
by foreign culture through living abroad
Felicissima armada The most fortunate Armada. The name
given by Philip iito the most unfortunate
Great Armada of 1588
Fidalgo A knight or gentleman
Flota Fleet. Used for the convoys bringing silver
from the Indies to Seville
Golpe Coup d’état
Governadores Name given to regents appointed to
govern the kingdom in the absence of
the king
Inconfidência mineira The Minas conspiracy
Infante The title of a Portuguese prince
Junta Board or council
Landsknecht German pikeman of the sixteenth century
Lei das Sesmarias The law of the wastelands
Longue durée The long term. Used for long term trends
in historical development
Mapa Côr de Rosa Rose Coloured Map
Mare Clausum Closed sea. The doctrine that the sea is not
open to all
Mare Liberum Freedom of the sea
Moidore From the Portuguese moeda de ouro. A
gold coin minted in Portugal after the
Restoration. The double moidore was
worth slightly more than the guinea and
had a value equivalent to 27shillings
Moradia Pension
Morgado Entailed estate
mfa Movimento das Forças Armadas (Armed
Forces Movement)
8