Table Of ContentP
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P G X
E OPE REGORY
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Pope Gregory X stood at the very centre of the crusading movement in the G
O
later thirteenth century. An able diplomat, he showed himself adept at
R
CRUSADES
navigating the political waters of Europe and the Mediterranean World.
Y
His crusade gained the participation of virtually all of the leaders of
X
Western Europe, and even the Byzantine emperor and the Ilkhan of the
A
Mongols: crucial if his crusade were to have a chance of defeating the very N
formidable and successful Mamluk Sultan Baybars. However, Gregory's D
premature death put paid to his crusade plans. T
H
Perhaps because of this, Gregory has hitherto been somewhat neglected by E
historians –a gap which this book aims to fill. It provides a full account of C
his contribution to the Crusades, demonstrating that he left a lasting mark R
U
on how crusading would operate in the years to come.
S
A
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PHILIPBALDWINreceived his doctorate from Queen Mary, University of London.
E
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Cover image: Niccolò and Matteo Polo transmitting a letter from the Great Khan to Tedaldo Visconti,
newly elected Pope Gregory X, in Acre in 1271. From Marco Polo’s Le Livre des merveilles. BnF Français
2810, f. 4v; reproduced by permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
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Studies in the History of Medieval Religion I
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PHILIP B. BALDWIN
an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd
PO Box 9, Woodbridge IP12 3DF (GB) and
668 Mt Hope Ave, Rochester NY14620-2731 (US)
www.boydellandbrewer.com
Studies in the History of Medieval Religion
VOLUME XLI
POPE GREGORY X AND THE CRUSADES
Studies in the History of Medieval Religion
ISSN 0955–2480
Founding Editor
Christopher Harper-Bill
Series Editor
Frances Andrews
Previously published titles in the series
are listed at the back of this volume
POPE GREGORY X
AND THE CRUSADES
PHILIP B. BALDwIN
THE BOYDELL PRESS
© Philip B. Baldwin 2014
All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation
no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system,
published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast,
transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission of the copyright owner
The right of Philip B. Baldwin to be identified
as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
First published 2014
The Boydell Press, woodbridge
ISBN 978–1–84383–916–3
The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd
PO Box 9, woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK
and of Boydell & Brewer Inc.
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website: www.boydellandbrewer.com
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy
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This publication is printed on acid-free paper
For My Parents
This book is produced with the generous assistance of a grant from
Isobel Thornley’s Bequest to the University of London
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations x
Introduction 1
1 The Early Life of Pope Gregory X 13
2 ‘we Saw with Our Eyes and Felt with Our Very Own Hand’: The 40
Importance of Understanding the Condition of the Holy Land
3 Interim Crusade Planning 75
4 A Problem of Governance? Pope Gregory X, Charles of Anjou, 104
and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
5 Political Exigencies and Gregory’s Crusade 137
6 Imagining Gregory’s Crusade 168
Conclusion 221
Bibliography 227
Index 241
Acknowledgements
Throughout my research for this book, I have benefited from the help and advice
of many people. First and most of all, I would like to thank Tom Asbridge for his
guidance through my studies at the University of London, and beyond. I would
also like to thank Malcolm Barber, Simon Barton, Stephen Bennett, Brenda
Bolton, Andrew Buck, Nikolaos Chrissis, Peter Denley, Peter Edbury, Susan
Edgington, Richard Greenfield, Martin Hall, Bernard Hamilton, Ahmet Hilmi,
Konrad Hirschler, Adnan Husain, Kati Ihnat, Andrew Jotischky, Antonella
Liuzzo Scorpo, Kathleen Neal, Erik Niblaeus, Jonathan Phillips, William Purkis,
Yossi Rapoport, Donald Richards, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Miri Rubin, Tom
Smith, Chris Wilson, and Chris Woolgar. Everyone at Boydell & Brewer has
been an immense help in seeing this work to publication. As always, any errors
that remain are mine alone.
This book has been published with the help of grants from the late Miss Isobel
Thornley’s Bequest to the University of London. My work has also benefited
from funding through the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme provided
by the British Council.
Finally, I would also like to thank my family for their steadfast encouragement
throughout the years, often even from across an ocean.
