Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 3 - IARC Monographs on

222 Pages·2012·13.37 MB·English

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WORLD HEAL TH ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
IARC MONOGRAPHS
ON THE
OF THE
EVALUATION
CARCINOGENIC RISK
OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS
Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds,
Part 3,
Industrial Exposures in Aluminium Production,
al Gasification, Coke Production,
Co
and Iron and Steel F ounding
VOLUME 34
This publication represents the views and expert opinions
of an IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans
which met in Lyon,
18-25 October 1983
June 1984
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
IARC MONOGRAPHS
ln 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on
the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of
critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. ln 1980, the programme was
expanded to include the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk associated with employment in
specifie occupations.
The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs
critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for chemicals and complex mixtures to which humans
al exposures, to evaluate these data in
are known to be exposed, and on specifie occupation
terms of ; iuman risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical
al research efforts are needed.
carcinogenesis and related fields, and to indicate where addition
This project was supported by PHS Grant No. 1 U01 CA33193-02 awarded by the US
National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services.
(ò International Agency for Research on Cancer 1984
ISBN 92832 1234 7 (soft-cover edition)
ISBN 92832 15346 (hard-cover edition)
PRINTED lN FRANCE
CONTENTS
NOTE TO THE READER ....................................................... 5
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 7
PREAMBLE
Background .............................................................. 11
Objective and Scope ...................................................... 11
Selection of Chemicals and Complex Exposures for Monographs ............... 12
Working Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Data for Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Working Group ....................................................... 13
General Principles Applied by the Working Group in Evaluating the Carcinogenic
Risk of Chemicals or Complex Mixtures ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Explanatory Notes on the Contents of Monographs on Occupational Exposures
to Complex Mixtures ................................................... 20
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURES CONSIDERED ......... 29
THE MONOGRAPHS
Aluminium production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Coal gasification .......................................................... 65
Coke production .......................................................... 101
Iron and steel founding .................................................... 133
APPENDIX :
Table 1. Chemicals used or produced in the industries considered in this volume
which have been previously evaluated in the IARC Monographs ............. 193
Table 2. Chemicals evaluated by an IARC Working Group in February 1983
(Volume 32 of the IARC Monographs) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
GLOSSARY .................................................................. 195
SUPPLEMENTARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1-33 .......................... 197
CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE MONOGRAPH SERIES ........................... 199
NOTE TO THE REAOER
The term 'carcinogenic risk' in the lARe Monographs series is taken to mean the probabilty
that exposure to the chemical willead to cancer in humans.
Inclusion of a chemical in the monographs does not imply that it is a carcinogen, only that
. the published data have been examined. Equally, the fact that a chemical has not yet been
evaluated in a monograph does not mean that it is not carcinogenic.
Anyone who is aware of published data that may alter the evaluation of the carcinogenic
risk of a chemical to humans is encouraged to make this information available to the Unit of
Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150
cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France, in order that the chemical may be
considered for re-evaluation by a future Working Group.
Although every effort is made to prepare the monographs as accurately as possible,
mistakes may occur. Readers are requested to communicate any errors to the Unit of
Carcinogen Identification and Evaluation, so that corrections can be reported in future volumes.
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IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CARCINOGENIC
RISK OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS:
POL YNUCLEAR AROMA TIC COMPOUNDS, PART 3,
INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURES lN ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION,
COAL GASIFICA TION,
COKE PRODUCTION, AND IRON AND STEEL FOUNDING
Lyon, 18-25 October 1983
Members1
P.A. Bertazzi, Institute of Occupational Health, 'Luigi Devoto' Clinica dei Lavoro, University of
Milan, via S. Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
E. Bingham, Vice-President and University Dean for Graduate Studies and Research, Professor
of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Mail Location 627, Cincinnati, OH
45267, USA
L. Fishbein, Acting Deputy Director, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR
72079, USA
G.W. Gibbs, Director, Health and Safety Affairs, Celanese Canada Inc, PO Box 6170, Station
A, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3K8, Canada
P. Grasso, Robens Institute of Industrial and Environmental Health and Safety, University of
Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
J.M. Harrington, Institute of Occupation al Health, The Medical School, University of Bir-.
mingham, University Road West, PO Box 363, Birmingham BI5 2TT, UK
P. Hitcho, Assistant Director, Safety and Health Department, United Steelworkers of America,
Five Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15222, USA
J. Lewtas, Genetic Bioassay Branch (MD-68), US Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
G. Matanoski, Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns
Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA (Chairperson)
1Unable to attend: T. Buckley, East Midlands Gas Board, PO Box 145, De Montfort Street, Leicester LE1 90B, UK;
C. Redmond, Professor of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 318 Parran Hall,
Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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8 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 34
S. Mazumdar, Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of
Pittsburgh, 318 Parran Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
J. Melius, Chief, Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, Robert A. Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway,
Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
J.E.H. Milne, Chief Occupational Health Officer, Health Commission of Victoria, Public Health
al Health Service, 5 Macarthur Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3002,
Division, Occupation
Australia (Vice-Chairperson)
T. Sanner, Chief, Laboratory for Environmental and Occupational Cancer, Norsk Hydro's
Institute for Cancer Research (The Norwegian Radium Hospital), Montebello, Oslo 3,
Norway
al
A. Tossavainen, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Institute of Occupation
Health, Haartmaninkatu 1, 00290 Helsinki 29, Finland
W.E. Wallace, Emerging Energy Technologies Team Leader, Division of Respiratory Disease
Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 944 Chestnut Ridge
Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
Representative of the National Cancer Institute
J.A. Cooper, Acting Associate Director, Carcinogenesis Extramural Program, Division of Cancer
Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Landow Building, Room 8C41,
Bethesda, MD 20205, USA
Observers1
British Cast Iron Association and British Foundry Association.
P.F. Ambidge, BCIRA, Alvechurch, Birmingham B48 70B, UK
Commission of the European Communities
M.-T. van der Venne, Health and Safety Directorate, Bâtiment Jean Monnet, Plateau de
Kirchberg, BP 1907, 2920 Luxembourg
International Primary Aluminium Institute
P.J. Lawther, cio International Primary Aluminium Institute, New Zealand House (9th floor),
Hallmarket, London SW1 4TO, UK
'Unable to attend: J.H. Stenmark, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1000 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20036,
USA; T. Thorslund, RD-689, Chief Biostatician, Carcinogen Assessment Group, US Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington DC 30460, USA; J.M. Launder, 15 Church Close, Horsell, Woking, Surrey GU21 4QZ, UK (European Coking
Industry)
PARTICIPANTS
9
Secretariat
H. Bartsch, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
J.R.P. Cabral, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
M. Friesen, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
L. Haroun, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis (Co-Secretary)
E. Heseltine, Research Training and Liaison
J. Kaldor, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
A. Likhachev, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
D. Mietton, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
R. Montesano, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
1. O'Neil, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
C. Partensky, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
1. Peterschmitt, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis, Geneva, Switzerland
S. Poole, Birmingham, UK
R. Saracci, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
L. Simonato, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
L. Tomatis, Director
H. Vainio, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis (Head of the Programme)
J. Wahrendorf, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
J. Wilbourn, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis (Co-Secretary)
H. Yamasaki, Division of Environmental Carcinogenesis
rial assistance
Secreta
S. Cotterell
M.-J. Ghess
M. Lézère
S. Reynaud

IARC MONOGRAPH PROGRAMME ON THE EVALUATION OF THE
CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO HUMANS1
PREAMBLE
1. BACKGROUND
ln 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme to
evaluate the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to hum ans and to produce monographs on
individual chemicals. Following the recommendations of an ad-hoc Working Group, which met
in Lyon in 1979 to prepare criteria to select chemicals for IARC Monographs (1), the
Monographs programme was expanded to include consideration of exposures to camplex
mixtures which occur, for example, in many occupations.
The criteria established in 1971 to evaluate carcinogenic risk to humans were adopted by
ail the working groups whose deliberations resulted in the first 16 volumes of the IARC
Monographs series. This preamble reflects subsequent re-evaluation of those criteria by
working groups which met in 1977(2), 1978(3), 1982(4) and 1983(5).
2. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs
critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for chemicals, groups of chemicals and industrial
processes to which humans are known to be exposed, to evaluate the data in terms of hum an
risk with the help of international working groups of experts, and to indicate where addition
research efforts are needed. These evaluations are intended to assist national and internatioa-l
nal authorities in formulating decisions concerning preventive measures. No recommendation
is given concerning legislation, since this depends on risk-benefit evaluations, which seem best
made by individual governments and/or other international agencies.
The IARC Monographs are recognized as an authoritative source of information on the
carcinogenicity of environ mental and other chemicals. A users' survey, made in 1984, indicated
that the monographs are consulted by various agencies in 45 countries. As of June 1984, 34
volumes of the Monographs had been published or were in press. Four supplements have been
published: two summaries of evaluations of chemicals associated with human cancer, an
evaluation of screening assays for carcinogens, and a cross index of synonyms and trade
names of chemicals evaluated in the series (6).
'This project is supported by PHS Grant No. 1 U01 CA33193-02 awarded by the US National Cancer Institute,
Department of Health and Human Services.
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