Table Of ContentPOLYMER
PROCESSING
AND
PROPERTIES
POLYMER
PROCESSING
AND
PROPERTIES
Edited by
Gianni Astarita
and
Luigi Nicolais
University of Naples
Naples, Italy
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
European Meeting on Polymer Processing and Properties
(1983: Capri, Italy)
Polymer processing and properties.
"Proceedings of the European Meeting on Polymer Processing and Properties, held
June 13-16, 1983, in Capri, Italy." T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Polymers and polymerization-Congresses. I. Astarita, Giovanni. II. Nicolais,
Luigi. III. Title.
QD380.E88 1983 547.7 84-13265
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9716-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2781-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2781-3
Proceedings of the European meeting on Polymer Processing and Properties, held
June 13-16, 1983, in Capri, Italy
©1984 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
During the First Conference of European Rheologists,
which was held in Graz, Austria, in April 1982, the
Provisional Committee of European Delegates to the Inter
national Committee on Rheology held a meeting to discuss
future European activities in the general area of rheol
ogy. It was agreed, among other things, that the organ
ization of meetings in Europe on specific topics related
to rheology would be done in cooperation, so as to avoid
conflicts of dates and/or subject areas. Any such meeting,
if approved by the Provisional Committee, would be named
a European Meeting; the European Societies of Rheology
would help the organizers with distribution 6f circulars,
membership lists, and any required technical assistance.
One of the very first meetings organized within this
procedural scheme has been the European Meeting on
Polymer Processing and Properties, which was held in
Capri, Italy, on June 13-16, 1983. This book constitutes
the Proceedings of that meeting.
The meeting was organized by the Italian Society of
Rheology and the Polymer Engineering Laboratory of the
Engineering School of the University of Naples. The basic
idea of the meeting was to cover the whole area of
polymer engineering with the exclusion of the actual
production of the polymer: the whole area which is
concerned with the processing of the polymeric material,
and the properties of the finished product. Since the
latter are very strongly influenced by the former, the
core session of the meeting was the one dedicated to the
relationships between processing and properties, part
III of this book.
On the processing side, it was recognized that,
while most of the scientific literature on the subject
is concerned with operations the purpose of which is to
obtain a finished product of assigned shape, in indus
trial practice there is a large number of important
processing steps that have other purposes. Consequently,
two sessions, corresponding to parts I and II of this
v
book, were dedicated to the shaping and non-shaping
opera tions .
On the properties side, it was recognized that there
are two somewhat distinct areas to be considered. The
first one is concerned with the actual identification,
measurement, and possibly prediction of polymer proper
ties. The second one is concerned with structural mod
eling, i.e., with the understanding of the relationship
between macroscopic properties and microscopic structure
of the polymer. The importance of the second area is
related to the fact that different processing procedures
will induce different structures, and hence different
properties, in the finished product. The final two
sessions of the meeting, corresponding to parts IV and
V of this book, were dedicated to theses areas.
For each session, an internationally known expert
was invited to give a broad-scope lecture; these are
the first papers in each part. We wish to thank the
five invited speakers, M. R. Kamal, C. D. Denson, H.
Janeschitz-Kriegl, G. Menges, A. J. de Vries, for their
authoritative contributions to the success of the
meeting and to this book. We also wish to thank all
other authors for their contributions.
During the organization of the meeting, a lot of
the work was done by our friend and coworker, dr. P.
Masi; we wish to thank him sincerely for all his efforts.
We also wish to thank all our coworkers, students, and
friends who have helped in a variety of ways. Finally,
we wish to acknowledge support received from the
following Institutions:
Azienda Autonoma di Soggiorno,Cura e Turismo, Capri
Ceast
Comune di Capri
Comune di Napoli
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
ENI
Istituto G. Donegani, SpA
Programma Finalizzato Chimica Fine e Secondaria, CNR
Regione Campan i.a
Rheometrics, Inc.
Universita' di Napoli
Capri, Italy, June 1983
Gianni Astarita
Luigi Nicolais
vi
CONTENTS
PART ONE - PROCESSING: SHAPING OPERATIONS
Current Trends in the Analysis of Polymer Shaping
Operations (Invited Lecture). • ••• 1
M.R. Kamal and G.L. Bata
The Conductivity Distribution in Injection Moulded
LDPE and HDPE Containing Carbon Black • • • • 47
C. K1ason and J. Kubat
High Pressure Injection Moulding of
Polyethylene. • • • • • • • • 53
J. Kubat, J.-A. Manson, and M. Rigdah1
Irradiation of High Density Polyethylene Filled
with Colloidal Silica • • • • • • • • • • 61
G. Akay, F. Cimen, and T. Tincer
The Role of Melt Rheology in Parison Formation. • • . . • •. 71
J.M. Dealy and N. Orbey
Melt Rheology and Processabi1ity of Polyethylenes 79
L.A. Utracki, A.M. Catani, J. Lara, and
M.R. Kamal
Void Formation in Extruded Bars ...••• 89
G. Titoman1io, S. Piccaro1o, and G. Marrucci
Utilization of Rheological Real Time and Sampling
Measurements for Quality Control of Polymer
Materials and Processes (Abstract) •••. 97
J.M. Starita
PART TWO - PROCESSING: OPERATIONS OTHER THAN SHAPING
Polymer Processing Operations Other Than Shaping
(Invited Lec ture) . • • • • . . 101
C.D. Denson
vii
Mechanochemical Degradation of Glass Fibre Reinforced
Polypropylene Melts During Flow. • • . • • . . 115
G. Akay, D.W. Saunders, T. Tincer, and F. Cimen
Applications of a RIM Process Model. . . • • • • 123
S.R. Estevez and J.M. Castro
Design Principles for Barrier-Screw Extruders (Abstract) • . . 131
J.T. Lindt and B. Elbirli
Continuous Processing of Polymerizing Fluids IV:
Continuous Mechanism in a Channel of a Screw-
Extruder • • • • • . . ..... 133
J.T. Lindt and B. Elbirli
Processing of Thermosets . • . • . . . . • . . • . . . . 143
J.C. Halpin, A. Apicella and L. Nicolais
Adapting a Microprocessor System to Autoclave Processing . . • 153
R.E. Coulehan
PART THREE - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES
Heat Transfer and Kinetics of Flow Induced Crystallization
as Intertwined Problems in Polymer Melt Processing
(Invited Lecture) .•.•.....••••...•..• 159
H. Janeschitz-Kriegl and F. KUgler
On the Deformation of Polycarbonate in the Glassy
State. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . ... 183
K. Bielefeldt, B.-J. Jungnickel, and J.H. Wendorff
The Development of Super-Strong Polymers in Planar
Directions (Abstract) .......•......•.•. 197
A.E. Zachariades
Relationship Between Processing Induced Morphology,
Molecular Orientations and Mechanical Behaviour
of Amorphous Polymers • . • • . . . • • . . . . . . . . 199
K.P. GroSkurth
Effects of Processing on the Structure and Properties
of PVC . . • . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
B. Terselius and J.-F. Jansson
Correlation of Non-Linear Rheological Properties of
Polymer Melts with Weld-Line Strength. .. ... .. 215
R. Pisipati and D.G. Baird
viii
Melt Strength and Extensibility of High-Density
Polyethylene •....•......... 229
F.P. La Mantia and D. Acierno
PART FOUR - PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS
New Findings on the Mechanical Behaviour of Plastics
(Invited Lecture) . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
R. Knausenberger, T. Krehwinkel, G. Menges,
E. Schmachtenberg, and U. Thebing
Viscoelasticity, Ultimate Mechanical Properties and
Yielding Mechanisms of Thermally Crystallized
Polyethylene Terephthalate • . • . . . • . . 261
G. Groeninckx
Shear Strength Characteristics and Shear Creep
Modeling of Low Density Rigid Polyurethane
Foam. • • . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • 271
P. Makelainen and o. Holmijoki
Blends of Polystyrene and Thermotropic Liquid Crystals -
Phase Relations and Rheological Properties. . . • . 279
R.A. Weiss, W. Huh, and L. Nicolais
Shear Behaviour of Molten Linear Low Density
Polyethylene. • . • • • • . • . . . . 285
D. Acierno, A. Brancaccio, D. Curto and
F. P. La Mantia
Analysis of Failure Behavior of Polymeric Composite
Materials with the Method of Acoustic Emissions
(Abstract) •••. • . . •. . •.• 293
C. Caneva, M. Mazzola, E. Martuscelli, and
M. Malinconico
Plasticizers Migration from PVC: Correlations with
Structure and Service-Performance • • • 295
G. Pastuska
Time-Dependent Properties of Statically Deformed
Glassy Polymers: Dynamic Modulus and Gas
Transport . • . • • • • . • • . . . • 301
T.L. Smith and Theonis Ricco
Nonlinear Viscoelastic Characterisation of Polymeric
Materials • • • . . • • • . • . . . 311
H.F. Brinson, C.C. Hie1, A.H. Cardon, and
W.P. De Wilde
ix
Describing the Long Term Nonlinearity of Plastics ....... 319
O.S. BrUller
Origins of the Toughness of Fibrous Composites . • . . • . . 329
P.W.R. Beaumont and J.K. Wells
Positive and Negative Shear of the Vinyl Chloride. . • • • . • 337
Zdenek Sobotka
PART FIVE - STRUCTURAL MODELING OF POLYMER PROPERTIES
Structural Modelling of Polymer Properties (Invited Lecture) . 347
A.J. de Vries
The Role of the Binder in the Ageing of a Filled
Elastomer. • •.. . . . • • . . 379
Z. Laufer, Y. Diamant, S. Gonen and D. Katz
Molecular Field Theory for the Rheological Properties
of Moderately Concentrated Polymer Solutions
(Abstract) ..•.•••.•.•...•.....•.. 387
W. Hess
A Treatise on the Elastic and Hygroexpansional
Properties of Paper by a Composite Laminate
Approach • . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
L. Salmen, A. de Ruvo, and L. Carlsson
Viscoelastic Properties of Copolymers: Relations
with Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . .. •.... 399
J.P. Montfort, J. Lebez, G. Marin, and Ph. Monge
Relationship Between Ptitsyn-Eizner A Parameter
and Conformational Transition. . . . • . . . . . 405
I. Katime, P. Gutierrez Cabanas, and C. Ramiro
Properties of PMMA Stereocomplex in Solid State and
Solution . . • • • . •• ..•...•.•.....• 413
I. Katime and J.R. Quintana
The Effect of Plasticization on the Structure of Highly
Crosslinked Materials, and the Formation of the
Interphase in Two-Phase Systems (Abstract) • . • . • . . 419
B. Kefalas
Generalized Anisotropic Descriptions for the Dynamic
Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Polymers .••.•• 421
J.C. Seferis, A.E. Elia, and A.R. Wedgewood
x
Mechanism of Moisture Absorption in Metal-Filled
Epoxies • • . • . • • • • . .. ••.• .•..• 439
P.s. Theocaris, G.C. Papanicolaou, and E.A. Kontou
INDEX ••••••••••••.••••••••.••.•••• 449
xi
