Polymer Nanocomposites: Towards Multi-Functionality

311 Pages·2016·12.741 MB·English

by  Aravind Dasari, Zhong-Zhen Yu, Yiu-Wing Mai (auth.)

Engineering Materials and Processes
Aravind Dasari
Zhong-Zhen Yu
Yiu-Wing Mai
Polymer
Nanocomposites
Towards Multi-Functionality
by Finite Element and
Soft Computing Methods
123
Engineering Materials and Processes
Series editor
Brian Derby, Manchester, UK
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4604
Aravind Dasari Zhong-Zhen Yu
(cid:129)
Yiu-Wing Mai
Polymer Nanocomposites
Towards Multi-Functionality
123
Aravind Dasari Yiu-Wing Mai
SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering Centrefor AdvancedMaterials Technology
NanyangTechnological University TheUniversity of Sydney
Singapore Sydney,NSW
Singapore Australia
Zhong-ZhenYu
Collegeof Materials Science
andEngineering
Beijing University of Chemical Technology
Beijing
China
ISSN 1619-0181 ISSN 2365-0761 (electronic)
Engineering MaterialsandProcesses
ISBN978-1-4471-6807-2 ISBN978-1-4471-6809-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6809-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016936276
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Foreword
Multifunctional materials will play an important role in the next generation of
technologicaldevices.Beyondtheirbasiclightweightandloadbearingproperties,
theymustbeabletohaveintegratedthermal,electrical,barrier,sensing,orpossible
other functionalities. The authors of the new book have recognized that especially
polymer nanocomposites can open up new horizons for understanding how mul-
tifunctionality can be achieved and systematically designed by the right choice,
arrangement, and combination of the nanostructured material components. That is
whatthisbookisaboutanditgivesmegreatpleasure,andindeedpride,tobeable
to write a foreword to it.
Regardingtheauthors,IhaveknownProf.Yiu-WingMaiforover35years.He
is a foremost authority on fracture mechanics, having studied polymers, metals,
ceramics, and composites, in different countries of the world, and has made
importantcontributions onnanostructuredmaterials, coatings, etc. Aravind Dasari,
I learned to know during my stay as an international professorial fellow at the
University of Sydney in 2006/2007. Aravind originally worked for his doctoral
degreeinthefieldofpolymernanocompositesundersupervisionofProf.Mai,and
in cooperation with Mai’s postdoc Zhong-Zhen Yu, who is now working as a
ProfessorintheBeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology.Dr.Dasariiscurrently
active as an Assistant Professor in the Nanyang Technological University of
Singapore.
Theirbookon“PolymerNanocomposites:TowardsMulti-Functionality”covers
allthedifficultaswellastheeasypartsofnanocompositematerialsscience,dealing
well with processing aspects and microstructural characterization, interfacial
design,mechanical andthermalproperties,flameretardancy,wear/scratchdamage,
and other functional qualities. The authors also considered ecological issues with
polymericnanomaterials,and delineated theusefulnessof multifunctional polymer
nanocomposites in a variety of technical applications, including automotive, food
packaging, marine environment, biomedical, and others.
There exist several journal publications related to the topic of this book, and
a few edited books have also summarized the state of the art in this field.
v
vi Foreword
The big advantage of this new book is that it is not a compilation of individual
contributions, but a straight forward written monograph. All definitions and main
symbols are valid from the first to the last page. In addition, the book presents a
huge survey and evaluation of relevant publications concerning the subjects raised
within the various chapters. On top of that, the authors provide their own contri-
butions to the different subjects, which they have developed over recent years.
Thereadersofthebookwillhavethebenefittogetnotonlythebasicknowledge
about the potential of polymer nanocomposites for a systematic development of a
multifunctional material, but they will also extend their horizon on future devel-
opments. In this way, they will find new starting points for their own research
activities in this field.
In summary, the topic of polymer nanocomposites toward multifunctionality is
an important one, critical to the advance of modern technical devices. Many
practitioners from a range of disciplines are seeking the information which can be
found in this book. Therefore, it is a book pointing the way to the future and
I heartily recommend it to all those interested incomposite materials, i.e., material
scientists and students alike.
Kaiserslautern, Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Friedrich
February 2016 Institute for Composite Materials
Technical Universit Kaiserslautern
Preface
The soaringoil/gas prices andthe recognition ofglobal warming/carbonfootprints
have resulted in significant demands for lightweight polymeric materials in the
transportation and automotive industries in addition to their widespread usage in
other sectors such as construction, packaging, toys, and electronics. However, the
pressure to support and validate this change (replacing conventional metallic or
othermaterialswithpolymers)intermsofpropertiesandperformanceisenormous.
Besides, accommodating this great surge for polymers that persist in the environ-
ment for years after their disposal is challenging from both the scientific/technical
andsocioeconomicperspectives.Thisisduetothedramaticdirect/indirectimpacts
exerted on our eco-system (e.g., Great Pacific Garbage Patch, Citarum River pol-
lution,Yushodisease,presenceofbrominatedcompoundsinnewbornbabies,and
human breast milk, etc).
This growing combination of complex problems has greatly spurred on signif-
icant research and development activities on polymeric materials, whether
biodegradable, biopolymers, nanocomposites, water-soluble, or smart polymers.
Coupledwithsocioeconomicaspects,thedemandformultifunctionalmaterialshas
grownrapidly.Hence,‘multi-functionality’hasputpolymernanocompositesunder
the limelight. The superiority of these materials compared to their micro- or neat
counterpartsisoftenattributedtotheavailabilityoflargenumbersofnanoparticles
with huge interfacial areas and confinement of polymer chains at the nano-level.
These characteristics of the nano-reinforcements, if fully exploited, can impart
multifunctional properties required for a spectrum of applications.
In this monograph, we provide the basics and advanced knowledge of different
facets of ‘multi-functionality’ in polymer nanocomposites. Emphasis is placed on
delineating the parameters and mechanisms responsible for achieving
multi-functionalitybygivingasystematicpresentationoftheunderlyingprinciples.
Thismonographalsohighlightsourcontinuousresearcheffortsovermanyyearson
different aspects of polymer nanocomposites toward realizing multifunctional
materials. It is written as a coherent entity rather than a collection of chapters on
differenttopics.So,wehavedevotedconsiderableeffortstocoordinateandconnect
vii
viii Preface
all the different topics in this monograph, which include a brief review of
nanoparticles (Chap. 2), their surface modification techniques and incorporation
into polymeric materials (Chap. 3); the importance of accurate morphological
characterization (Chap. 4) and interfaces in polymer nanocomposite materials
(Chap. 5); mechanical properties particularly fracture toughness(Chap. 6),thermal
stability and flame response (Chaps. 7 and 8), tribological performance (Chap. 9)
andotherfunctionalpropertiessuchasopticaltransparency,electricalconductivity,
dielectric,andpermeability(Chap.10).Finally,criticalecologicalissues(Chap.11)
as well as applications and future prospects of these polymer nanocomposites
(Chap. 12) are presented.
Thebookiswrittenwithenoughbackgroundineachchaptertoenablebeginners
to follow easily the conceptspresented and discussed. Our primary readershipwill
come from the general fields of polymer science and engineering, polymer com-
posites,nanotechnologyandrelateddisciplines.Itwillserveasareferencebookfor
both undergraduate and/or postgraduate courses in polymers, composites and
nanotechnology. We hope that the technical professions from the transportation,
buildingandconstruction,automotiveandotherindustrieswillalsofindtheresults
contained in this monograph useful.
TheideaofwritingthisbookwasconceivedwhenwewereattheUniversityof
Sydney working on different aspects of polymer nanocomposites. We deeply
appreciate the patience of Springer’s publishing team for our prolonged delivery
of the final manuscript for printing. We are grateful to many former and present
colleagues, friends, research staff, and postgraduate students for their helpful dis-
cussionsandtechnicalassistanceduringthepreparationofthisbook.Especially,we
thank Chi-Ming Chan, Brian Cottrell, Klaus Friedrich, Jang-Kyo Kim, Tony
Kinloch, Robert Li, Cynthia Lim, Hong-Yuan Liu, Don Paul, Rocio Seltzer,
Gongtao Wang, Gordon Williams, Jingshen Wu, Xiaolin Xie, Lin Ye, Gennady
Zaikov, Giovanni Camino, Zhong Zhang, and Limin Zhou. Many of the results
quoted in this book are taken from the studies of our research groups at Sydney,
BUCTandNTU.Tothem,weoweourdeepestappreciation.Wealsoacknowledge
the various funding organizations (Australian Research Council Federation
Fellowship, Australian Postdoctoral Fellowship, National Natural Science
Foundation of China, as well as Singapore’s Ministry of Education and National
Research Foundation) for their financial supports of our polymer nanocomposites
projects in the past 8 years. Permissions to reproduce many figures in this book
from various publishers and authors are much appreciated.
Singapore Aravind Dasari
Beijing Zhong-Zhen Yu
Sydney Yiu-Wing Mai
January 2016
Contents
1 Introduction: Toward Multi-functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Different Types of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Graphite Nanoplatelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.4 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.5 Other Equiaxed Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.6 Hierarchical Structured Particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Interfacial Volume and Its Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Modification of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.1 Equiaxed Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.2 Layered Silicates (Bentonite). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.3 Tubular Fillers (Carbon Nanotubes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.1 Solvent Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.2 In Situ Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3.3 Polymer Melt Intercalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4 Microstructural Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2 Direct and Reciprocal Space Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3 Etching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.4 Staining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
ix