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e-ISSN2365-659X
Polymer
Engineering
Edited by
BartoszTylkowski,KarolinaWieszczycka,RenataJastrzab
Editors
Dr.BartoszTylkowski
ChemistryTechnologyCentreofCatalonia(CTQC),
C/Marcel·líDomingo,
43007Tarragona,S
Spain
[email protected]
Dr.hab.KarolinaWieszczycka
PoznanUniversityofTechnology
InstituteofChemicalTechnology&Engineering
Berdychowo4
60-965Poznan
Poland
[email protected]
Prof.UAMRenataJastrzab
AdamMickiewiczUniversity
FacultyofChemistry
Umultowska89b
61-614Poznan
Poland
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-046828-1
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-046974-5
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-046834-2
Set-ISBN978-3-11-046975-2
ThearticlesinthisbookhavebeenpreviouslypublishedinthejournalPhysicalSciencesReviews
(ISSN2365-659X).
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Preface
Polymerisatermusedsince1866byBerthelotwho,inapublicationreleasedinthe
BulletinoftheChemicalSocietyofFrance,notedthat“styrolene(styrene),heatedat
200°C during a few hours, transforms itself into a resinous polymer”. It was the first
recognizedsyntheticpolymer.However,HermannStaudingerwasthefirstonewhoin
1920proposedtheconceptofpolymersinthesensethatweusetoday.Theuniversality
of polymers is now well established. They are present in all fields of industrial
production as an additive or structural materials and are impossible to avoid. The
improvementof theirpropertiesgraduallyremovedtheir badreputationand,nowa-
daysonecansay“Therearenobadpolymers,onlybadapplicationsofthem”.
The book aimsto review the artof polymers andto provide thereaders with a
comprehensive and in-depth understanding of recent developments in polymers
science,technologiesandengineering.Chapter1explainsanimprovementofmod-
ified epoxy thermosets by using different hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) deri-
vatives. Chapter 2 provides an overview on developments in the use of rare earth
metals complexes as efficient catalysts for ring-opening polymerization of cyclic
estersusedinbiomedicalapplications.Chapters3and4emphasizeknowledgeand
recent advances in bioartificial polymers and based nanovectores. The topics
detailed in Chapters 5–7 provide current developments in capsules technologies,
polymeradditivesandpolymersapplicationinconsumergoodsproducts.Chapters
8-10 describe polymers application in membrane technologies, while Chapter 11
provides modeling and simulation understanding membrane process.
Nanomaterials often show unique and considerably changed physical, chemical
and biological properties compared to their macro scaled counterparts. Utilization
ofnanoparticlesoftenrequirestheconstructionofintegratedchemicalsystems.Most
popular of these are polymer-supported nanoparticles, which are highlighted in
Chapter12.SpectroscopicpropertiesofpolymercompositesaregiveninChapter13.
Chapter 14 underlines catalytical and biological processes used to transform cellu-
loseintohighvalue-addedproducts.
Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetothecontributingauthorsinmakingthis
project a success, and to Dr. Ria Fritz and Ms. Jana Habermann of DeGruyter
Publisher, Germany for their assistance and encouragement in this venture.
Moreover, we would like to gratefully acknowledge a financial support from
EuropeanCommunity’sSeventhFrameworkProgramme(FP/2007–2013)underREA
grant agreement no. 600388 (TECNIOspring programme), and from the Agency for
Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia, ACCIÓ, under which
Dr. Tylkowski co-edits this book as a part of outreaching activity of his Individual
IncomingTECNIOspringMarieCurieGrant.
BartoszTylkowski
KarolinaWieszczycka
RenataJastrzab
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110468281-202
Contents
Preface V
Listofcontributingauthors XV
CristinaAcebo,XavierRamisandAngelsSerra
1 Improvedepoxythermosetsbytheuseofpoly(ethyleneimine)
derivatives 1
1.1 Generalintroduction 1
1.2 Generalconceptsofepoxythermosets 1
1.3 Curingagents 3
1.4 Characteristicsofepoxythermosets 9
1.4.1 Toughness 10
1.4.2 Shrinkage 11
1.4.3 Reworkability 12
1.4.4 Scratchresistance 13
1.5 Dendriticpolymers 14
1.5.1 Hyperbranchedpolymers 16
1.5.2 Starpolymers 17
1.6 ModifiedepoxythermosetsbyusingHBPsandotherhighly
branchedtopologies 18
1.7 HBPsandmultiarmSPsfromPEI 20
1.8 ModificationofhyperbranchedPEIwithlongalkylchainsandits
useasmodifierinepoxythermosets 23
1.9 SynthesisofmultiarmSPsbyROPandtheiruseasmodifiersin
epoxythermosets 25
1.10 EthoxysilylationofhyperbranchedPEIandtheuseinthe
preparationofhybridthermosets 29
1.11 UseofmodifiedhyperbranchedPEIasamacromonomerinthe
preparationofthermosetsbyatwo-stageclick-chemistry
process 33
References 38
IulianaCota
2 Developmentsintheuseofrareearthmetalcomplexesasefficient
catalystsforring-openingpolymerizationofcyclicestersusedin
biomedicalapplications 51
2.1 Biodegradablepolymers 51
2.2 Polymerizationmechanismsforpolyestersynthesis 52
2.3 CatalystsforROPofPLAs 55
2.4 Rareearth-basedcatalystsforsynthesisofPLAs 56
VIII Contents
2.5 Conclusions 77
References 79
KamilaSzałataandTaniaGumi
3 BioArtificialpolymers 85
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Biomoleculeimmobilizationtechniques 87
3.2.1 Adsorption 87
3.2.2 Covalentbinding 88
3.2.3 Entrapment 88
3.2.4 Encapsulation 89
3.3 Polymer/biomoleculeconjugates 89
3.3.1 Enzymes 90
3.3.2 Polysaccharides 94
3.3.3 Channels 98
3.3.4 Nucleicacids 101
3.3.5 Cells 104
3.4 Summary 106
References 107
RaffaeleConte,IleniaDeLuca,AnnaValentino,AnnaDiSalle,AnnaCalarco,
FrancescoRiccitielloandGianfrancoPeluso
4 Recentadvancesin“bioartificialpolymericmaterials”based
nanovectors 113
4.1 Introduction 113
4.1.1 Bioartificialpolymericmaterials 113
4.1.2 Nanotechnologyandmedicine 115
4.2 Bioartificialpolymericnanovectors 116
4.2.1 NanospheresandNanocapsules 117
4.2.2 Nanohydrogelsandnanoaggregates 122
4.2.3 Micelles(MCs)andsolidlipidnanoparticles(SLNs) 125
4.2.4 Nanofibers 129
4.3 Conclusion 133
References 133
ValentinaMarturano,PierfrancescoCerrutiandVeronicaAmbrogi
5 Polymeradditives 139
5.1 Introduction 139
5.1.1 Roleofpolymeradditives 139
5.1.2 Additivesincorporationinpolymerformulation 140
5.2 Plasticizers 141
Contents IX
5.2.1 Mechanismofplasticisation 142
5.2.2 Classificationofplasticizers 143
5.2.3 Bio-basedplasticizers 145
5.3 Flameretardants 145
5.3.1 HalogenatedFRs 146
5.3.2 Phosphorus-basedFRs 148
5.3.3 InorganicFRs 148
5.3.4 Bio-basedFRs 148
5.4 Impactmodifiers 150
5.4.1 Butadienebasedgraftcopolymers 151
5.4.2 Acrylicmodifiers 152
5.4.3 Elastomers 153
5.5 AntioxidantsandUVstabilizers 153
5.5.1 Antioxidants 153
5.5.2 UVstabilizers 158
5.5.3 Naturalantioxidants 160
5.6 Antimicrobials 162
5.6.1 Organicantimicrobialagents 162
5.6.2 Inorganicantimicrobialagents 163
5.6.3 Naturalantimicrobialadditivesforpolymers 165
References 166
AnnaTrojanowska,AdriannaNogalska,RicardGarciaValls,MartaGiamberini
andBartoszTylkowski
6 Technologicalsolutionsforencapsulation 171
6.1 Introduction 171
6.2 Chemicalmethods 173
6.2.1 Interfacialpolymerization 173
6.2.2 Insitupolymerization 176
6.3 Physicochemicalmethods 179
6.3.1 Coacervation 179
6.3.2 Layerbylayer 181
6.3.3 Sol–gelencapsulation 184
6.3.4 Suspensioncross-linking 185
6.4 Physicomechanicalmethods 186
6.4.1 Spray-drying 186
6.4.2 Co-extrusion 190
6.4.3 Fluidized-bedspraycoating 194
6.4.4 Phase-inversionprecipitation 195
6.5 Generalconclusions 196
References 197
X Contents
MonissaPaderes, DeepakAhirwalandSusanaFernándezPrieto
7 Naturalandsyntheticpolymersinfabricandhomecare
applications 203
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Benefitsofpolymersinfabricandhomecareformulations 205
7.2.1 Soilrelease 206
7.2.2 Dispersant 207
7.2.3 Anti-redeposition 207
7.2.4 Dyetransferinhibitors 208
7.2.5 Rheologymodifier 209
7.3 Naturalandsyntheticpolymers 211
7.3.1 Syntheticpolymers 211
7.3.2 Naturalpolymers 219
7.3.3 Carrageenan 226
7.3.4 Alginates 228
7.4 Conclusions 229
References 230
KarolinaWieszczyckaandKatarzynaStaszak
8 Polymersinseparaionprocesses 235
8.1 Polymersasmembranes 235
8.1.1 Introduction 235
8.1.2 Reverseosmosis 237
8.1.3 Nanofiltration 238
8.1.4 Ultrafiltration 241
8.1.5 Dialysis 246
8.1.6 Membraneextraction 251
8.2 Polymerresins 255
8.2.1 Ion-exchangeresin 255
8.2.2 Solventimpregnatedresin 260
References 268
BartoszTylkowskiandIreneTsibranska
9 Polymerapplicationforseparation/filtrationofbiologicalactive
compounds 277
9.1 Introduction 277
9.1.1 Membranesusedforseparationofbiologicallyactive
compounds 278
9.1.2 Concentrationandpurificationofbioactivecompoundsfrom
naturalextracts 279
9.1.3 Recoveryofextractionsolvents 287
References 288
