Polymer Electrolytes: Characterization Techniques and Energy Applications

417 Pages·2020·11.607 MB·English

by  Tan Winie, Abdul K. Arof, Sabu Thomas

PolymerElectrolytes

Polymer Electrolytes
CharacterizationTechniquesandEnergyApplications
Editedby
TanWinie,AbdulK.Arof,andSabuThomas
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v
Contents
Preface xiii
1 PolymerElectrolytes:StateoftheArt 1
MasashiKotobuki
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 SolidPolymerElectrolyte 4
1.3 GelPolymerElectrolyte 8
1.4 CompositePolymerElectrolyte 12
1.5 Summary 17
References 17
2 ImpedanceSpectroscopyinPolymerElectrolyte
Characterization 23
MohamedAbdulCareem,IkhwanSyafiqMohdNoor,andAbdulK.Arof
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 IS:PrincipalOperationandExperimentalSetup 23
2.2.1 BasicPrinciplesofImpedanceSpectroscopy 23
2.2.2 ImpedanceSpectroscopy(IS)Technique 25
2.2.3 ElectricalConductivityofaSample 26
2.2.4 ConditionsNecessaryforISMeasurements 26
2.2.5 ImpedancePlotsofSimpleCircuits 28
2.2.5.1 APureResistance,R 28
2.2.5.2 APureCapacitance,C 28
2.2.5.3 RandCConnectedinSeries 29
2.2.5.4 RandCConnectedinParallel 30
2.2.5.5 CombinedSeriesandParallelCircuits 31
2.2.5.6 ImpedanceSpectraofModelElectrolyteSystems 32
2.2.6 PossibleConductionProcessesinaSolidElectrolyte 35
2.2.7 ImpedanceSpectraofRealSystems 36
2.2.7.1 TheConstantPhaseElement(CPE) 37
2.2.7.2 EquivalentCircuitsforRealSystems 37
2.2.7.3 Electrolyte/Electrode(E/E)Interface 39
2.2.7.4 DiffusionImpedanceorMassTransportImpedance 39
2.2.7.5 WarburgImpedance 40
2.2.7.6 EquivalentCircuitRepresentationofanE/ESystem 41
vi Contents
2.2.8 Impedance-RelatedFunctions 42
2.2.8.1 ImmittanceFunctions 43
2.2.8.2 RelationshipsBetweenImmittanceFunctions 43
2.2.8.3 ImmittancePlots 43
2.2.8.4 ChoiceBetweenImmittanceFunctions 46
2.2.9 ExperimentalSetup 46
2.2.9.1 SampleandCellArrangement 47
2.2.9.2 OtherPracticalDetailsandPrecautions 48
2.3 IS:ExperimentalDataInterpretationandAnalysis 49
2.3.1 DeterminationofBulkResistancefromtheImpedancePlots 49
2.3.2 ImpedanceDataInterpretationandAnalysis 50
2.3.2.1 InterpretationofImpedanceData 51
2.3.2.2 ChoiceofEquivalentCircuits 51
2.3.3 DeterminationofTransportParametersfromImpedanceData 53
2.3.3.1 Bandara–Mellander(B–M)Method 53
2.3.3.2 NyquistPlotFittingMethod 57
2.3.4 SomeExperimentalResultsandAnalysis 59
2.3.4.1 ConductivityCalculationofImpedancePlots 59
2.3.4.2 ConductivityDeterminationfromFittingEquivalentCircuit 60
2.3.4.3 EvaluationofTransportPropertiesusingNyquistPlotFitting
Method 60
2.4 Conclusions 63
References 64
3 ThermalCharacterizationofPolymerElectrolytes 65
AparnaThankappan,ManuelStephan,andSabuThomas
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 TGA:ExperimentalDataInterpretationandAnalysis 67
3.3 DSC:ExperimentalDataInterpretationandAnalysis 75
3.4 DSC:ExperimentalErrorsandSuggestionforImprovement 82
∘
3.4.1 Transition(s)at0 C 83
3.4.2 ApparentMeltingatT 83
g
3.4.3 ExothermicPeaksBelowDecompositionTemperatureWhile
Heating 84
3.4.4 BaselineShiftafterEndothermicorExothermicPeaks 86
3.4.5 SharpEndothermicPeaksDuringExothermicReactions 86
3.5 DMA:ExperimentalDataInterpretationandAnalysis 87
References 91
4 EnergyinaPortableWorld 93
NoorSyuhadaZakuan,WooHawJiunn,andTanWinie
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 HistoryDevelopmentofMobilePower 94
4.3 CaringforMobilePowerfromBirthtoRetirement 102
4.3.1 GettingtheMostOutofthePrimaryBatteries 103
4.3.2 GettingtheMostOutoftheLead-AcidBatteries 103
4.3.3 GettingtheMostOutoftheNickel-BasedBatteries 104
Contents vii
4.3.4 GettingtheMostOutoftheLithiumIonBatteries 105
4.4 MobilePowerRecycling 106
4.4.1 RecyclingPrimaryBatteries 106
4.4.2 RecyclingRechargeableBatteries 109
Acknowledgments 111
References 111
5 InsightonPolymerElectrolytesforElectrochemicalDevices
Applications 113
MariaManuelaSilva,VerónicadeZeaBermudez,andAgnieszkaPawlicka
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Theory:IonicConductivity 117
5.3 Applications 120
5.3.1 ConventionalBatteriesandTransientBatteries 120
5.3.2 FuelCells 123
5.3.3 Supercapacitors 124
5.3.4 ElectrochromicDevices 125
5.3.5 Dye-SensitizedSolarCells 127
5.3.6 Sensors 128
5.3.7 Light-EmittingElectrochemicalCells 128
References 129
6 PolymerElectrolyteApplicationinElectrochemical
Devices 137
SitiNorFarhanaYusufandAbdulK.Arof
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 PropertiesofPolymerElectrolytes(PEs) 137
6.3 ReviewofPolymerElectrolytes 138
6.3.1 DrySolidPolymerElectrolytes(SPEs) 138
6.3.2 GelPolymerElectrolytes(GPEs) 141
6.3.2.1 IonicLiquidGelPolymerElectrolytes(ILGPEs) 144
6.3.2.2 GelPolymerElectrolyteswithNanomaterials 146
6.4 ApplicationofPEsinElectrochemicalDevices 148
6.4.1 Dye-SensitizedSolarCells(DSSCs) 148
6.4.2 LithiumIonBatteries 150
6.4.3 ElectricalDoubleLayerCapacitors(EDLCs) 152
6.4.4 PolymerElectrolyteFuelCells 156
6.4.5 ElectrochromicWindows 163
6.4.6 ElectrochromicMaterials 164
6.4.6.1 TransitionMetalOxides 164
6.5 ChallengesandImprovements 167
6.5.1 InElectrolytes 167
6.5.2 InDevices 169
6.5.2.1 DSSCs 169
6.5.2.2 FuelCell 170
6.5.2.3 Batteries 171
viii Contents
6.5.2.4 EDLCs 172
6.5.2.5 ElectrochromicWindows(ECWs) 172
6.6 FutureAspects 173
6.6.1 ElectrochromicWindows 173
6.6.2 Batteries 173
6.6.3 DSSCs 173
6.6.4 FuelCells 174
References 175
7 PolymerElectrolytesforLithiumIonBatteriesandChallenges:
PartI 187
ShishuoLiang,WenqiYan,MinxiaLi,YusongZhu,LijunFu,andYupingWu
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 ClassificationofPolymerElectrolytes 188
7.2.1 SolidPolymerElectrolytes(SPEs) 188
7.2.2 GelPolymerElectrolytes(GPEs) 190
7.3 PerformanceandImprovements 190
7.4 ApplicationandPerformanceofPolymerLithiumIonBatteries 194
7.5 FutureTrends 195
Acknowledgments 196
References 197
8 PolymerElectrolytesforLithiumIonBatteriesandChallenges:
PartII 201
SitiNorFarhanaYusufandAbdulK.Arof
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 StructureandOperationofLithiumIonBatteries 202
8.2.1 AnodeMaterials 204
8.2.2 CathodeMaterials 205
8.2.3 Electrolytes 206
8.2.4 Li+IonTransportinPolymerElectrolytes 206
8.3 PolymerElectrolyteforLithiumIonBatteries 207
8.4 PerformanceCharacteristicsofLithiumIonBatteries 216
8.5 ChallengesandImprovement 218
8.6 FutureTrends 219
References 221
9 PolymerElectrolytesforSupercapacitorandChallenges 231
SafirAhmadHashmi,NitishYadav,andManojKumarSingh
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 PrincipleandWorkingProcessofSupercapacitors 232
9.2.1 ChargeStorageMechanismsinEDLCs 233
9.2.2 ChargeStorageMechanismsinPseudocapacitors 236
9.2.2.1 UnderpotentialDeposition 237
9.2.2.2 RedoxPseudocapacitance 237
9.2.2.3 IntercalationPseudocapacitance 238
Contents ix
9.3 ElectrolytesforSupercapacitors 239
9.3.1 LiquidElectrolytes 239
9.3.2 Polymer-BasedElectrolytes 241
9.3.2.1 Solvent-FreeSolidPolymerElectrolytes(SPEs) 242
9.3.2.2 GelPolymerElectrolytes(GPEs) 242
9.3.2.3 PorousPolymerElectrolytes 252
9.4 PerformanceCharacteristics 255
9.4.1 ElectrodeCharacterization 255
9.4.2 CharacterizationofSupercapacitors 258
9.4.2.1 ElectrochemicalCharacterizationTechniquesandImportant
Parameters 258
9.4.2.2 PerformanceofPolymerElectrolyte-BasedSupercapacitors:Some
CaseStudies 262
9.5 ChallengestoSolid-StateSupercapacitorsandFutureScopeof
Improvement 284
References 285
10 PolymerElectrolytesforQuantumDot-SensitizedSolarCells
(QDSSCs)andChallenges 299
T.M.W.J.BandaraandJ.L.Ratnasekera
10.1 DemandandSupplyofEnergy 299
10.2 TheSunasaPotentialEnergyResource 300
10.3 AdvantagesofSolarCells 301
10.4 Photo-ElectrochemicalSolarCells 301
10.4.1 GeneralMechanismofaPhoto-ElectrochemicalSolarCell 303
10.4.2 MechanismofaPhoto-ElectrochemicalSolarCell 304
10.4.3 Semiconductor/PolymerElectrolyteJunction 308
10.4.4 Photo-sensitizationofWideBandgapSemiconductors 308
10.5 QuantumDot-SensitizedSolarCells(QDSSCs) 310
10.5.1 QuantumDots 310
10.5.2 MechanismofaQDSSC 313
10.5.3 QuantumDot-SensitizedSolarCells(QDSSCs) 314
10.5.4 PolymerElectrolytesforQDSSCs 317
10.6 PerformancesofDifferentQDSSCsAssembliesBasedonPolymer
Electrolytes 318
10.6.1 Quasi-Solid-StateQDSSCsBasedonPolyacrylamideHydrogel
Electrolytes 318
10.6.1.1 HydrogelElectrolytewithPolyacrylamide 318
10.6.2 CdS-SensitizedCellwithPANandPVDFElectrolytes 319
10.6.3 ZnO-BasedQuasi-SolidQDSSCsSensitizedwithCdSandCdSe 323
10.6.3.1 Quasi-Solid-StateElectrolytePreparation 324
10.6.4 NaturalPolysaccharideThinFilm-BasedElectrolyteforQuasi-Solid
StateQDSSCs 324
10.6.5 Dextran-BasedHydrogelPolysulfideElectrolyteforQuasi-Solid-State
QDSSCs 325
10.6.6 CarbonDotsEnhanceLightHarvestinginaSolid-StateQDSSC 326