Polymer-Based Solid-State Batteries

172 Pages·2021·75.114 MB·English

by  Daniel Brandell, Jonas Mindemark, Guiomar Hernández

DanielBrandell,JonasMindemark,GuiomarHernández
Polymer-BasedSolid-StateBatteries
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Daniel Brandell, Jonas Mindemark,
Guiomar Hernández
Polymer-Based
Solid-State
Batteries
Authors
Prof.DanielBrandell
DepartmentofChemistry–ÅngströmLaboratory
UppsalaUniversity
Box538
SE-75121Uppsala
Sweden
[email protected]
Dr.JonasMindemark
DepartmentofChemistry–ÅngströmLaboratory
UppsalaUniversity
Box538
SE-75121Uppsala
Sweden
[email protected]
Dr.GuiomarHernández
DepartmentofChemistry–ÅngströmLaboratory
UppsalaUniversity
Box538
SE-75121Uppsala
Sweden
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-5015-2113-3
e-ISBN(PDF)978-1-5015-2114-0
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-1-5015-1490-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2021936238
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2021WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Coverimage:MuhammadAbdelhamid.
Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd.
Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck
www.degruyter.com
Preface
Theambitionofthisbookistogiveabriefintroductiontotherapidlygrowingfieldof
solid-statebatteries,wheretheliquidcomponentsinconventionallithium-ionbatter-
iesarereplacedwithpolymeric,andtherebysolid-state,materials.Solvent-freepoly-
merelectrolytesarethusatthefocalpoint,anditisdiscussedtowhatextentthesecan
substitutetheotherwisewidelyusedliquidandgelsystems.Incomparisontomuchof
theclassicalliteratureonpolymerelectrolytes,thisbooktriestokeepastrongfocus
on battery applications. In this sense, not only the structure and dynamics of the
salt–polymerinteractions are of interest but also theinteraction with electrodesand
otherbatterycomponents.Whilepolymerelectrolyteisaresearchareathatstretches
backalmost50years,itisprimarilythelastdecadethathasseenanexplosioninpoly-
merelectrolyte-basedbatterydevices–bothinscientificliteratureandascommercial
applicationsinindustry.Alsoincomparisontoclassicalliteratureinthefield,wehere
try to broaden the perspectives and include a wider polymer host platformthan the
standardpoly(ethyleneoxide),which has beenthe main target of scientific develop-
menteversincetheinceptionoftheresearchfield.Aswewillargue,stretchingbeyond
thepolyetherparadigmwillbenecessaryforfutureadvancementintheareaandfor
betterfunctionalsolid-statebatteries.Thebatteriestargetedareprimarilyhigh-energy-
densitydevices,resultinginanaturalfocusonLi-basedchemistries.
We wouldliketo thank a few people thatindifferentways havecontributed to
theaccomplishmentofthisbook:MuhammadAbdelhamid,TimNordh,AlexisRucci,
MarkRosenwinkel, Monika Schönhoffand Michel Armand.Matthew Lacey and Tim
BowdencoauthoredareviewarticleinProgressinPolymerSciencewithsomeofusa
coupleofyearsago,whichsparkedourambitionstomoveforwardtowardthisbook.
Wewould also like tothank all people atthe Ångström AdvancedBattery Centreof
UppsalaUniversity,andespeciallymembersofthePolymerUsedinBatteriesgroup–
bothpastandpresent.Itisindeedaveryrewardingcommunitytobeapartof.
Uppsala,March2021
DanielBrandell
JonasMindemark
GuiomarHernández
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501521140-202

Contents
Preface V
1 Polymerelectrolytematerialsandtheirroleinbatteries 1
1.1 Batterygrowth 1
1.2 TheLi-ionbatteryanditselectrolyte 3
1.3 Towardsolid-statebatteries 8
1.4 Solidpolymerelectrolytes 11
1.5 Polymer-basedsolid-statebatteries 12
References 14
2 Iontransportinpolymerelectrolytes 16
2.1 Ionsolvationbypolymerchains 16
2.2 Fundamentalsofiontransport 21
2.3 Mechanismofiontransportinpolymerelectrolytes 24
2.3.1 Couplediontransport 24
2.3.2 Decouplediontransport 31
References 34
3 Keymetricsandhowtodeterminethem 37
3.1 Totalionicconductivity 37
3.2 Transferenceandtransportnumbers 40
3.3 Thermalproperties 44
3.4 Mechanicalproperties 45
3.5 Electrochemicalstability 46
3.6 Modelingofpolymerelectrolyteproperties 50
References 53
4 Batteriesbasedonsolidpolymerelectrolytes 57
4.1 Batterytesting 57
4.2 Compatibilitywithmetalelectrodes 61
4.3 Compatibilitywithporouselectrodes 64
4.4 Processinganduseoflarge-scaleSPE-basedbatteries 70
References 74
5 Hostmaterials 78
5.1 Polyethers 79
5.1.1 Synthesisandstructureofpolyethers 79
5.1.2 PEOandoxyethylene-basedpolyethers 82
5.1.3 Otherpolyethers 87
5.1.4 Applicationofpolyethersinbatteries 88
VIII Contents
5.2 Carbonyl-coordinatingpolymers 92
5.2.1 Synthesisofcarbonyl-coordinatingpolymers 93
5.2.2 Polycarbonates 95
5.2.3 Polyesters 104
5.2.4 Polyketones 106
5.2.5 Applicationofcarbonyl-coordinatingpolymersinbatteries 107
5.3 Polynitriles 108
5.3.1 Polyacrylonitrilederivativesandcopolymers 113
5.3.2 Othernitrile-functionalpolymers 114
5.4 Polyamines 116
5.5 Polyalcohols 120
5.6 Polymerizedionicliquidsandionomerconcepts 124
5.6.1 ChemicalstructureofPILsandionomers 125
5.6.2 SynthesisofPILs,ionomersandsingle-ionpolymer
electrolytes 127
5.6.3 PropertiesofPILs,ionomersandsingle-ionpolymer
electrolytes 129
5.6.4 Applicationinbatteries 134
5.7 Alternativehostmaterialstrategies 138
References 142
6 Outlook 154
References 158
Index 159
1 Polymer electrolyte materials and their role
in batteries
1.1 Batterygrowth
Thiscurrenteraisexperiencingatremendousgrowthintheinterestandapplication
ofbatteries.Frombeinghouseholditemsboughtinsupermarkets,batteriesarerap-
idlybecominglargerandlargerinsize,andtherebyalsomoreandmorecostlyand
complextomanage.Thisisconnectedtotheworldclearlyenteringaperiodofelec-
trification.Electromobilityofvehiclesfromscooterstoelectricflightsrequireshigh-
performanceenergystorage,andintermittentenergysourcesfromsolarpanelsand
windparksneedhigh-qualitystoragewithahighenergyefficiency.Withashortage
inenergysupply,energystorageunitswithpoorconversionefficiencywillhavedif-
ficultytocompetewithbatteries,wheretheenergyoutputislargelyequivalenttothe
energyinput.Whilelarge-scalestorageinthegridandsmall-scalestorageinInternet-
of-thingsdevicesare rapidly growing indemand, today’s exponentialgrowthinthe
demandofbatteriesisprimarilydrivenbythetransportsector,andespeciallydueto
the similarly exponential growth in electric vehicles (EV). This trend is foreseen to
dominateduringthenextdecade[1].
For a high versatility of batteries, that is, to have the ability to use them in a
wide range of products and applications, they need to be able to supply a vast
amountofenergypergravimetricandvolumetricunit.Theseconceptsareknownas
specificenergy(Whkg–1)orenergydensity(WhL–1).Thesameistrueforthepower
density of batteries, equivalent to the energy delivered per unit of time and either
weight or volume (W kg–1 or W L–1). Since batteries can be connected in series or
parallelinanelectriccircuit,itisnotdifficulttoobtainahighenergyorpowerstor-
age capability irrespective of battery chemistry, but if the energy density is low it
will result in very big or bulky battery packs. Therefore, it is vital to maximize the
energycontentpergravimetricandvolumetricunit,inparticularformobileapplica-
tionwherethepenaltyisstrongforextraweightandvolume.
The specific energy E of a battery is determined by two factors: the specific
sp
capacityQ/m(Ahkg–1)andthevoltageU(V):
U×Q
E = (1:1)
sp m
In a battery, where the released energy is determined by redox reactions taking
place in the battery electrodes, the voltage describes the potential difference be-
tweenthebatteryelectrodes–thedrivingforceforthebatteryreaction–whilethe
specificcapacityisequivalenttohowmanytimesthiselectrochemicalreactioncan
occur.Onecanmakeananalogywithdrivinginanailwithahammer:thevoltage
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501521140-001
2 1 Polymerelectrolytematerialsandtheirroleinbatteries
correspondsto theforce of hittingthe nail, while the capacitycorresponds to how
manytimesthenailishit.
ThispartlyexplainswhytheLi-ionbattery(LIB)technologyhasbecomedominant
amongsecondary(rechargeable)batteries.ItisrelativelysimpletofindLIBelectrode
materialswithalargevoltagedifference,whilethesematerialscanalsostorealotof
lithium,therebyprovidinghighvoltage–infact,thehighesttheoreticalvoltageofall
elementsduetothelowreductionpotentialofLi–atthesametimeasprovidinghigh
capacity.Moreover,thesmallsizeandlightweightofLi+ionleadstohigh-energy-den-
sityelectrodematerialswhereitisrelativelyeasytofindhoststructureswheretheLi+
ionscanjumpinandoutduringbatterychargeanddischarge.This,inturn,leadsto
batteries that can cycle for an extensive amount of cycles. Other commercial (lead–
acid, nickel–cadmium, and nickel–metal hydride; see Fig. 1.1) and largely noncom-
mercial (Na-ion, Mg-ion, Ca-ion, and Al-ion) battery chemistries often fail in one or
several of these categories: compared to LIBs, they do not provide the same energy
density or the same cycle life. LIBs therefore have, despite shortcomings interms of
costandsafety,growntobecomeaveryusefulandversatilebatterytype.
Fig.1.1:Gravimetricandvolumetricenergydensitiesforcommercialandnoncommercialbattery
chemistries.IllustrationtakenfromtheBattery2030+roadmap“InventingtheSustainable
BatteriesoftheFuture.ResearchNeedsandFutureActions.”