Polymer Alloys II: Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and Interpenetrating Networks

284 Pages·1980·12.03 MB·English

by  Edward V. Thompson (auth.)

POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 11
POLYMER ALLOYS II
Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and
Interpenetrating Networks
POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Editorial Board:
William J. Bailey C. A. J. Hoeve
University of Maryland Texas A&M University
College Park. Maryland College Station, Texas
Y6ichi Ishida
J. P. Berry Osaka University
Rubber and Plastics Research Association Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
of Great Britain
Frank E. Karasz
Shawbury
University of Massachusetts
Shrewsbury, England
Amherst, Massachusetts
A. T. DiBenedetto Osias Solomon
The University of Connecticut Poly technical Institute of Bucharest
Storrs, Connecticut Bucharest, Romania
Volume 1 • STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMER FILMS
Edited by Robert W. Lenz and Richard S. Stein
Volume 2 • WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS
Edited by N. M. Bikales
Volume 3 • POLYMERS AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Edited by James Guillet
Volume 4 • RECENT ADVANCES IN POLYMER BLENDS, GRAFTS, AND BLOCKS
Edited by L. H. Sperling
Volume 5 • ADVANCES I N POLYMER FRICTION AND WEAR (Parts A and BI
Edited by Lieng-Huang Lee
Volume 6 • PERMEABILITY OF PLASTIC FILMS AND COATINGS
TO GASES, VAPORS, AND LIQUIDS
Edited by Harold B. Hopfenberg
Volume 7 • BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS
Edited by Harry P. Gregor
Volume 8 • POLYMERS IN MEDICINE AND SURGERY
Edited by Richard L. Kronenthal, Zale Oser, and E. Martin
Volume 9 • ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Parts A and BI
Edited by Lieng-Huang Lee
Volume 10 • POLYMER ALLOYS: Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and Interpenetrating Networks
Edited by Daniel Klempner and Kurt C. Frisch
Volume 11 • POLYMER ALLOYS II: Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and Interpenetrating Networks
Edited by Daniel Klempner and Kurt C. Frisch
Volume 12 • ADHESION AND ADSORPTION OF POLYMERS (Parts A and BI
Edited by Lieng-Huang Lee
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 11
POLYMER ALLOYS II
Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and
Interpenetrating Networks
Edited by
Daniel Klempner
c.
and Kurt Frisch
Polymer Institute
University of Detroit
PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON
library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Symposium on Polymer Alloys, Honolulu, 1979.
Polymer alloys II.
(Polymer science and technology; v. 11)
Includes index.
1. Polymers and polymerization-Congresses. I. Klempner, Daniel. II. Frisch, Kurt
Charles,1918- III. Title. IV. Series.
OD380.S939 1979 547.7 79-28487
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3631-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3629-7
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3629-7
Proceedings of the Symposium on Polymer Alloys, held in
Honolulu, Hawaii, April, 1979.
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1980
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Preface
The term "alloy" as pertaining to polymers has become an
increasingly popular description of composites of polymers, parti
cularly since the publication of the first volume in this series
in 1977. Polymer alloy refers to that class of macromolecular
materials which, in general, consists of combinations of chemically
different polymers.
The polymers involved in these combinations may be hetero
geneous (multiphase) or homogeneous (single phase). They may be
linked together with covalent bonds between the component polymers
(block copolymers, graft copolymers), linked topologically with no
covalent bonds (interpenetrating polymer networks), or not linked
at all except physically (polyblends). In addition, they may be
linear (thermoplastic), crosslinked (thermosetting), crystalline,
or amorphous, although the latter is more common.
To the immense satisfaction - but not surprise - of the
editors, there has been no decrease in the research and development
of polymer alloys since the publication of the first volume, as
evidenced by numerous publications, conferences and symposia.
Continued advances in polymer technology caused by the design of
new types of polymer alloys have also been noted. This technolog
ical interest stems from the fact that these materials very often
exhibit a synergism in properties achievable only by the formation
of polymer alloys. The classic examples, of course, are the high
impact plastics, which are either polyblends, block, or graft co
polymers composed of a rubbery and a glassy polymer. Interpene
trating polymer networks (IPN's) of such polymers also exhibit
the same, or even greater, synergism.
This book presents the proceedings of the Symposium on
Polymer Alloys, sponsored by the American Chemical Society's
Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, held at the
American Chemical Society/Chemical Society of Japan Chemical Con
gress in Honolulu, Hawaii, in April, 1979. It is representative
v
PREFACE
of the most recent efforts of both American and foreign scientists
in a field of increasing interest: the preparation, character
ization and properties of polymer alloys.
The editors wish to take this opportunity to express their
gratitude to the authors who contributed to this book and to the
University of Detroit for its encouragement of this effort.
Daniel Klempner
Kurt C. Frisch
Polymer Institute
University of Detroit
Contents
SECTION 1. GRAFT COPOLYMERS
Morphology and Phase Relationships of Low
Molecular-Weight Polystyrene in Poly (Methyl
Methacrylate) and Methyl ~1ethacrylate/
Styrene Copolymers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
Edward V. Thompson
Preparation of Highly Branched Graft
Copolymers by Chain Transfer Reaction •••••••••••••••• 41
Shigeo Nakamura, Hideo Kasatani and
Kei Matsuzaki
Styrene Copolymerization with Rubber.
I. Studies of Polystyrene Grafti~g to Rubber:
Molecular weight Characteristics of Homeo-
Polystyrene Matrix ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59
V.D. Yenalyev, V.I. Melnichenko,
N.A. Noskova, O.P. Bovkunenko,
C.I. Yegorova, N.G. Podosenova and
V.P. Budtov
Styrene Copolymerization with Rubber.
II. Relationship between Polymer Morphology
and Synthesis Conditions •.•••••.•.•••••••••••••••••.• 69
V.D. Yenalyev, N.A. Noskova,
V.I. Melnichenko, Y.N. Zhuravel and
v.r>'!. Bulatova
Studies of Styrene Copolymerization with
Rubber. III. The Process Peculiarities
Brought About by the Presence of Aliphatic
Mercaptans •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 79
V.D. Yenalyev, V.I. Melnichenko,
N.A. Noskova, O.P. Bovkunenko and
A.N. Shelest
vii
viii CONTENTS
SECTION II. BLOCK COPOLYMERS
Techniques of Block Copolymer Preparation •••••••••••• 87
G. Allan Stahl
Preparation of Block Copolymers from
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Macroradicals •••••••••••••••••• 105
Raymond B. Seymour, David P. Garner
Go Allan Stahl, Roger D. Knapp and
Laura Sanders
Comparison of the Structure-Properties
in 2,4 TDI Based Polyether Polyurethanes
and Polyurethaneureas •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 119
C.S. Paik Sung
The Preparation and Photooxidative Degradation
of Polyesterurethane-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
Triblock Copolymers •••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 137
John A. Simms
SECTION III.
INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS
Interpenetration of Silica in a Network
of Cellulose and Divalent Lead to Form
Glassy Polymers •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 153
T.L. Ward, W.R. Goynes, Jr., and
R.R. Benerito
Aspects of Relative Network Continuity and
Physical Cross links via an Analysis of
Polystyrene/Polystyrene Homo-Interpenetrating
Polymer Network Literature ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 167
D.L. Siegfried, D.A. Thomas and
L.H. Sperling
Polyurethane-Acrylic Copolymer Pseudo
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks •••••••••••••••••••• 185
D. Klempner, H.K. Yoon, K.C. Frisch and
H.L. Frisch
Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-l,4-Phenylene Oxide)
Polystyrene Interpenetrating Polymer Networks 203
H.L. Frisch, D. Klempner, H.K. Yoon and
K.C. Frisch
CONTENTS ix
SECTION IV. POLYBLENDS
Compatibility and Tensile Properties of
PPO Blends ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 215
J.R. Fried, W.J. MacKnight and
F.E. Karasz
Crystallization from Miscible Polymer
Blends ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 239
D.R. Paul and J.W. Barlow
An Analysis of the Thermal Degradation
Under Processing Conditions of ABS/PVC
Blends ....••..•••.••.....•••••••.•..••••••••••••..••• 255
H.E. Bair, W.I. Congdon and
S.K. Khanna
Dynamic viscoelasticity of Wood-Polymer
Composites Prepared by an Electron Beam
Accelerator ....•.•................................... 263
T. Handa, S. Yoshizawa, M. Fukuoka
and M. Suzuki
Index •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 277
MORPHOLOGY AND PHASE RELATIONSHIPS OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT
POLYSTYRENE IN POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) AND METHYL METHACRYLATE/
STYRENE COPOLYMERS
Edward V. Thompson
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Maine at Orono, Orono, Maine 04473
INTRODUCTION
Over the past twenty years or more there has been widespread
interest in various kinds of multicomponent polymer systems, in
cluding polyblends, block copolymers, and segmented elastomers.
More recently, considerable interest has also been focused on
questions concerning polymer/polymer compatibility and incompati
bility in these systems, and also in related systems such as inter
penetrating networks and alloys. Among this diverse group of multi
component and in some cases multiphase polymers, one that has re
ceived perhaps the most overall attention, because of the combina
tion of its great commercial importance and scientific interest, has
been the so-called high-impact plastics and resins. Typically, these
multiphase polyblends are based on a dispersed, rubbery phase such
as polybutadiene which is contained in a glassy, continuous matrix
such as polystyrene. The presence of the second, dispersed phase
imparts added impact strength, as measured, for example, by an Izod
impact apparatus, to the composite above that possessed by the homo
polymer polystyrene itself; and it is this enhancement, of CQurse,
which leads to the commercial importance of polyblends of this type.
In the development of high-impact plastics and the subsequent study
of their physical and mechanical properties, a considerable body of
information and data has appeared. In particular, it is well known
that the size of the dispersed phase, as well as, among other vari
ables, molecular weight and overall composition in the composite,
has a profound effect on the ultimate impact strength. However, in
spite of this interest, very little systematic data have appeared,
especially concerning the effect of molecular weight and concentra
tion of the dispersed phase on the phase relationships and final
properties of the system. It is, therefore, the purpose of this and