Polymer Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication

708 Pages·2013·20.44 MB·English

POLYMER ADHESION,
FRICTION, AND
LUBRICATION
POLYMER ADHESION,
FRICTION, AND
LUBRICATION
Edited by
HONGBO ZENG
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Polymer adhesion, friction, and lubrication / edited by Hongbo Zeng, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB, Canada.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-91627-8 (cloth)
1. Tribology. 2. Adhesion. 3. Friction. 4. Lubrication and lubricants. I. Zeng, Hongbo
(Professor in Chemical engineering), editor.
TJ1075.P65 2012
620.1'92042–dc23
2012031792
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 9780470916278
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xv
Contributors xix
1 Fundamentals of Surface Adhesion, Friction, and Lubrication 1
Ali Faghihnejad and Hongbo Zeng
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic Concepts 2
1.2.1 Intermolecular and Surface Forces 2
1.2.2 Surface Energy 7
1.3 Adhesion and Contact Mechanics 12
1.3.1 Hertz Model 13
1.3.2 Johnson–Kendall–Roberts Model 14
1.3.3 Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov Model 15
1.3.4 Maugis Model 16
1.3.5 Indentation 16
1.3.6 Effect of Environmental Conditions on Adhesion 18
1.3.7 Adhesion of Rough Surfaces 19
1.3.8 Adhesion Hysteresis 20
1.4 Friction 20
1.4.1 Amontons’ Laws of Friction 20
1.4.2 The Basic Models of Friction 21
1.4.3 Stick-Slip Friction 26
1.4.4 Directionality of Friction 29
1.5 Rolling Friction 29
1.6 Lubrication 31
1.7 Wear 35
v
vi CONTENTS
1.8 Real Contact Area 37
1.9 Modern Tools in Tribology 39
1.9.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 39
1.9.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 39
1.9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 40
1.9.4 Optical Tweezers or Optical Trapping 40
1.9.5 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 41
1.9.6 Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) 45
1.10 Computer Simulations in Tribology 47
Acknowledgment 49
References 49
2 Adhesion and Tribological Characteristics of Ion-Containing
Polymer Brushes Prepared by Controlled Radical Polymerization 59
Motoyasu Kobayashi, Tatsuya Ishikawa, and Atsushi Takahara
2.1 Introduction 59
2.2 Controlled Synthesis of Ion-Containing Polymer Brushes 60
2.3 Wettability of Polyelectrolyte Brushes 63
2.4 Adhesion and Detachment between Polyelectrolyte Brushes 66
2.5 Water Lubrication and Frictional Properties of
Polyelectrolyte Brushes 70
2.6 Conclusions 76
References 76
3 Lubrication and Wear Protection of Natural (Bio)Systems 83
George W. Greene, Dong Woog Lee, Jing Yu, Saurabh Das,
Xavier Banquy, and Jacob N. Israelachvili
3.1 Introduction 83
3.1.1 What Makes Biolubrication Unique? 84
3.1.2 Theory of Friction 85
3.2 Boundary Lubrication 89
3.2.1 Dry/Contact Lubrication 90
3.2.2 Thin Film Boundary Lubrication 91
3.2.3 Hydration Layers 92
3.2.4 Intermediate Boundary Lubrication 93
3.2.5 Thick Film Boundary Lubrication 95
3.2.6 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Interfacial Layer 96
3.3 Fluid Film Lubrication 97
3.3.1 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Biological
Systems 98
3.3.2 Weeping Lubrication 104
3.4 Multimodal Lubrication 105
3.4.1 Mixed Lubrication and the “Stribeck Curve” 106
3.4.2 Adaptive Lubrication 108
3.4.3 Mechanically Controlled Adaptive Lubrication 109
CONTENTS vii
3.5 Wear 112
3.5.1 How Are Friction and Wear Related? 112
3.5.2 Characterization, Measurement, and Evaluation
of Wear 113
3.5.3 Biological Strategies for Controlling Wear 119
3.5.4 Wear of Soft, Compliant Biological Materials 120
3.5.5 Controlling Wear in Hard Biological Materials:
Self-Sharpening Mechanism in Rodent Teeth 122
3.6 Biomimetic and Engineering Approaches of Biolubrication 123
3.6.1 Hydrogel Coatings as Artificial Cartilage Materials 123
3.6.2 Mimicking Synovial Fluid Lubricating Properties:
Polyelectrolytes Lubrication 124
3.6.3 Superlubrication by Aggrecan Mimics: End-Grafted
Polymers and the Brush Paradigm 125
3.6.4 Perspectives and Future Research Avenues 126
Acknowledgment 127
References 127
4 Polymer Brushes and Surface Forces 135
Jacob Klein, Wuge H. Briscoe, Meng Chen, Erika Eiser, Nir Kampf,
Uri Raviv, Rafael Tadmor, and Larissa Tsarkova
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 Some Generic Properties of Polymer Brushes 136
4.3 Sliding of High-T Polymer Brushes: The Semidilute
g
to Vitrified Transition 138
4.4 Sliding Mechanism and Relaxation of Sheared Brushes 140
4.5 Compression, Shear, and Relaxation of Melt Brushes 146
4.6 Shear Swelling of Polymer Brushes 150
4.7 Telechelic Brushes 155
4.8 Polyelectrolyte Brushes in Aqueous Media 158
4.8.1 Charged Brushes: The Symmetric Case 159
4.8.2 Charged Brushes: The Asymmetric Case 162
4.9 Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes 163
4.10 Summary 166
Acknowledgments 167
Appendix: Self-Regulation and Velocity Dependence of
Brush–Brush Friction 167
References 169
5 Adhesion, Wetting, and Superhydrophobicity of
Polymeric Surfaces 177
Mehdi Mortazavi and Michael Nosonovsky
5.1 Introduction 177
5.2 Adhesion between Polymeric Surfaces 178
5.2.1 Van der Waals Forces 179
5.2.2 Capillary Forces 181
viii CONTENTS
5.2.3 Electrostatic Double-Layer Forces 182
5.2.4 Solvation Forces 183
5.2.5 Mechanical Contact Force 183
5.3 Wetting of Polymers 185
5.3.1 Definition of Contact Angle: Young’s Equation 185
5.3.2 Rough Surfaces: Wenzel’s Model 186
5.3.3 Heterogeneous Surfaces: Cassie–Baxter Model 187
5.4 Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials 189
5.4.1 Replication of Natural Surfaces 189
5.4.2 Molding or Template-Assisted Techniques 192
5.4.3 Roughening by Introduction of Nanoparticles 197
5.4.4 Surface Modification by Low Surface
Energy Materials 202
5.4.5 Electrospinning 205
5.4.6 Solution Method 207
5.4.7 Plasma, Electron, and Laser Treatment 210
5.5 Surface Characterization 213
5.5.1 Surface Chemistry 213
5.5.2 Wetting Property 213
5.5.3 Microscopy Techniques 215
5.6 Conclusions 218
Acknowledgments 218
References 218
6 Marine Bioadhesion on Polymer Surfaces and Strategies
for Its Prevention 227
Sitaraman Krishnan
6.1 Introduction 227
6.2 Protein Adsorption on Solid Surfaces 230
6.2.1 Protein-Repellant Surfaces 230
6.3 Polymer Coatings Resistant to Marine Biofouling 242
6.3.1 Hydrophobic Marine Fouling-Release Coatings:
The Role of Surface Energy and Modulus 243
6.3.2 Hydrophilic Coatings 255
6.3.3 Amphiphilic Coatings 257
6.3.4 Self-Polishing Coatings 262
6.3.5 Coatings with Topographically Patterned
Surfaces 262
6.3.6 Antifouling Surfaces with Surface-Immobilized
Enzymes and Bioactive Fouling-Deterrent
Molecules 265
6.4 Conclusion 266
Acknowledgments 266
References 267
CONTENTS ix
7 Molecular Engineering of Peptides for Cellular Adhesion Control 283
Won Hyuk Suh, Badriprasad Ananthanarayanan, and Matthew Tirrell
7.1 Introduction: Cells, Biomacromolecules, and Lipidated
Peptides 283
7.2 Biomaterials 285
7.3 Chemistry Tools 287
7.3.1 Bioconjugate Chemistry 287
7.3.2 Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis 288
7.4 Self-Assembly of Lipidated Peptides: Peptide Amphiphiles
Engineering 289
7.4.1 Double-Tailed Peptide Amphiphile 289
7.4.2 Single-Tailed (Monoalkylated) Peptide Amphiphiles 290
7.5 Biomimetic Peptide Amphiphile Surface Engineering Case
Studies 290
7.5.1 Melanoma Cell Adhesion on a Lipid Bilayer
Incorporating RGD 292
7.5.2 Adhesion of αβ Receptors to Biomimetic
5 1
Substrates 292
7.5.3 Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Adhesion 293
7.5.4 Cell Adhesion on a Polymerized Monolayer 295
7.5.5 Cell Adhesion and Growth on Patterned
Lipid Bilayers 296
7.5.6 Cell Adhesion on Metallic Surfaces 297
7.5.7 Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Adhesion 298
7.5.8 Nanofibrous Peptide Amphiphile Gels for
Endothelial Cell Adhesion 299
7.6 Neural Stem Cells on Surfaces: A Deeper Look at
Cell Adhesion Control 299
7.6.1 The Stem Cell Microenvironment 299
7.6.2 Neural Stem Cells on Lipid Bilayers 299
7.6.3 Vesicle Fusion and Bilayer Characterization 300
7.6.4 Initial NSC Adhesion on Peptide Surfaces 300
7.6.5 NSC Proliferation on Peptide Surfaces 301
7.6.6 NSC Differentiation on Peptide Surfaces 302
7.7 Overview of Molecular Engineering Designs for
Cellular Adhesion 303
7.7.1 Self-Assembled Peptide Surfaces 303
7.7.2 Cell Adhesion Molecule RGD Surface
Density Control: An Example 303
7.7.3 Cell Adhesion Molecule Accessibility
(Exposure) Control 307
7.8 Conclusion 307
Acknowledgments 308
References 308
x CONTENTS
8 A Microcosm of Wet Adhesion: Dissecting Protein
Interactions in Mussel Attachment Plaques 319
Dong Soo Hwang, Wei Wei, Nadine R. Rodriguez-Martinez,
Eric Danner, and J. Herbert Waite
8.1 Introduction 319
8.2 Mussel Adhesion 320
8.2.1 Marine Surfaces 320
8.2.2 Byssal Attachment 320
8.2.3 Direct Observation of Plaque Attachment 323
8.3 Surface Forces Apparatus 323
8.3.1 Making the SFA Relevant to Biological
Environments 325
8.4 Assessing Protein Contributions by SFA 327
8.4.1 Asymmetric/Symmetric Configurations 327
8.4.2 Protein–Surface Interactions 330
8.4.3 Protein–Protein Interactions 335
8.5 Conclusions 343
8.5.1 Insights about Protein Interactions 343
8.5.2 Effects of DOPA Reactivity on Adhesion 344
8.5.3 Mussel Foot Controls the Microenvironment
around DOPA 345
8.5.4 Other Factors Influencing Adhesion 345
Acknowledgments 346
References 346
9 Gecko-Inspired Polymer Adhesives 351
Yiğit Mengüç and Metin Sitti
9.1 Introduction 351
9.1.1 A Note on Terminology 352
9.2 Biological Inspirations 354
9.2.1 Key Discoveries in Gecko Adhesion 354
9.2.2 Structured Adhesion in Other Animals 355
9.2.3 Summary of Observed Principles of
Micro-Structured Adhesives 357
9.3 Mechanical Principles of Structured Adhesive Surfaces 359
9.3.1 Adhesion 359
9.3.2 Friction 365
9.4 Gecko-Inspired Adhesives and Their Fabrication 367
9.4.1 Macro- and Microscale Fibers 367
9.4.2 Nanoscale Fibers 371
9.4.3 Hierarchical Fibers 372
9.5 Applications of Bioinspired Adhesives 374
9.5.1 Robotics 374
9.5.2 Safety and Medical Devices 377
CONTENTS xi
9.6 Future Directions: Unsolved Challenges and
Possible Applications 378
References 379
10 Adhesion and Friction Mechanisms of Polymer Surfaces
and Thin Films 391
Hongbo Zeng
10.1 Introduction 391
10.2 Adhesion and Contact Mechanics 392
10.2.1 Surface Energies 392
10.2.2 Advances in Contact and Adhesion Mechanics 393
10.3 Adhesion of Glassy Polymers and Elastomers 398
10.3.1 Adhesion Interface: Chain Pull-Out 399
10.3.2 Glassy Polymers: Transition from Chain Pull-Out,
Chain Scission to Crazing 403
10.3.3 Adhesion Promoters for Polymer Systems 407
10.4 Experimental Advances in Adhesion and Friction
between Polymer Surfaces and Thin Films 408
10.5 Adhesion and Fracture Mechanism of Polymer
Thin Films: from Liquid to Solid-Like Behaviors 416
10.6 Adhesion and Friction between Rough Polymer Surfaces 423
10.7 Friction between Immiscible Polymer Melts 425
10.8 Hydrophobic Interactions between Polymer Surfaces 426
10.9 Perspectives and Future Research Avenues 431
Acknowledgment 432
References 432
11 Recent Advances in Rubber Friction in the Context of
Tire Traction 443
Xiao-Dong Pan
11.1 Introduction 443
11.2 Background on Rubber Friction and Tire Traction 445
11.2.1 Characterization of Surface Roughness and Contact
Mechanics 453
11.3 Recent Innovations on Tire Tread Compounds 457
11.4 Rubber Friction under Stationary Sliding on Rough
Surfaces 461
11.4.1 Theory of Rubber Friction on Rough Surfaces
by Klüppel and Heinrich 462
11.4.2 Persson’s Model on Rubber Friction 471
11.4.3 The Model by Heinrich and Klüppel versus
the Model by Persson: Some Comparisons 474
11.5 Rubber Friction under Nonstationary Conditions 475