Polyelectrolyte Gels. Properties, Preparation, and Applications

319 Pages·1992·26.15 MB·English

by  Ronald S. Harland and Robert K. Prud'homme (Eds.)

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In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
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In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 480
Polyelectrolyte Gels
Properties, Preparation, and Applications
1
0 Ronald S. Harland,
w0 EDITOR
0.f KV Pharmaceutical Company
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21/ Princeton University
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2012 | http://Date: Decem by tDhee vAemloepreicda fnr oImns tait usytme opfo sCiuhmem sipcaonl Esonrgeidn eers
ugust 10, blication at the American InstitutCeh oicfa Cghoe, mIlliicnaol iEs,n gineers Annual Meeting
A Pu November 11-16, 1990
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1992
In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Polyelectrolyte gels: properties, preparation, and applications /
Ronald S. Harland, editor, Robert K. Prud'homme, editor.
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series; 480)
"Developed from a symposium held at the National Meeting of the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, November
11-16, 1990."
01 Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
0
w
0.f ISBN 0-8412-2176-6
8
4
0 1. Polyclectrolytes—Congresses. 2. Colloids—Congresses.
2-
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19 I. Harland, Ronald S., 1962- . II. Prud'homme, Robert K.,
k- 1948- . III. National Meeting of AIChE (1990: Chicago, 111.)
1/b IV. Series.
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1 QD382.P64P63 1992
10. 547.7—dc20 91-37617
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In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
1992 ACS Books Advisory Board
V. Dean Adams John L. Massingill
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In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Foreword
lHE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide
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IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that, in order to save time, the
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01 ted by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are reviewed
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In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Preface
POLYELECTROLYTE GELS ARE THE BASES for multibiilion dollar
businesses that affect all our lives: personal care products (e.g., diapers,
feminine care products, and incontinence products); industrial separations
(e.g., sewage treatment, membrane processes, and protein and biological
synthesis processes); and pharmaceuticals (e.g., controlled-release tech
nology, bioadhesives, and enteric dosage forms). Developing these appli
1 cations of gels has required a fundamental understanding of the relation
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pr ships between synthesis, characterization, and end-use performance.
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8 The development of materials, instruments, and products requires a
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2- judicious selection of chemical and physical characteristics of the gel.
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9 The final properties of the gelled system are determined by varying the
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bk- type, degree, and distribution of ionizable and nonionizable functional
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2 groups, cross-linkers, and reaction conditions. Therefore, in addition to
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novel applications. Each chapter provides descriptions of current
research and a review of noteworthy contributions in the specific area by
leading experts.
Each chapter has been reviewed by one (and in most cases two)
independent experts, both editors, and a proofreader. But in the end, it is
the strength of the individual researchers who contributed chapters that
ensures the strength and impact of the volume.
ix
In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
We thank all the contributors for their responses to our requests and
to those of the American Chemical Society. In addition, we thank the
staffs of KV Pharmaceutical Company and Princeton University for their
support.
RONALD S. HARLAND
KV Pharmaceutical Company
St. Louis, MO 63144
ROBERT K. PRUD'HOMME
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08544
1 August 29, 1991
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August 10, Publication

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In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Chapter 1
Phase Transitions of Gels
Toyoichi Tanaka
Department of Physics and Center for Materials Science and Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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80. Polymer gels are known to exist in two distinct phases, swollen and
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9 continuously or discontinuously in response to chemical and physical
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k-1 stimuli such as temperature, solvent composition, pH, ionic
1/b composition, electric field, light, and particular molecules. For a gel to
02 undergo the phase transition, it is necessary that polymers interact with
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August 10, Publication During the last decade gel research has made remarkable progress owing to the
strenuous efforts by researchers from many different fields. Since ancient times gels
have been closely affiliated with our daily life. From the early 1940's numerous
synthetic gels have been designed and developed for various usages (1,2). What, then,
has made the gel research very popular again? The purpose of this article is to provide
an answer to this question (3).
Gels are found everywhere. In our bodies, the cornea, the vitreous, and the
connective tissues are gels. The surfaces of the internal tracts such as the stomach and
lung are covered with gels. The basement membranes for the kidney and blood vessels
are also gels. These membranes are believed to play a fundamental role in the transport
of water and solute molecules.
Disposable diapers and sanitary napkins use gels as super water absorbents.
0O97^156/92/048O-O001$O6.25/0
© 1992 American Chemical Society
In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
2 POLYELECTROLYTE GELS
For these industries it is crucial to understand the physical and chemical principles that
govern the degree and speed of gel swelling in the physiological conditions.
Sheets of gels are developed that tightly wrap fresh fishes and meats. The gels
keep them moist but absorb unnecessary excess water and are useful for efficient
transportations and storages.
Gels are used for agricultural purposes as retainers of water and solutes.
Gels are indispensable materials as molecular sieves to separate molecules
according to size in gel permeation chromatography and electrophoresis.
Soft contact lenses, artificial lenses, artificial vitreous, and materials used in
plastic surgeries are made of gels. Gels are also used as control delivery systems for
drugs and perfumes.
Builders mix a concrete powder with water. It is difficult to mix a powder and
a liquid homogeneously, and it is necessary to put an excess amount of water for a
1 thorough homogeneous mixing. Recently a method has been developed where gels
0
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04 shrinks due to the pH change squeezing out water into the concrete powder uniformly,
92- thus a concrete with an extremely high density can be obtained. Its hardness and
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1 strength are similar to those of rock.
k-
b The gels play a vital role in the fields of medicine, foods, chemical, agricultural,
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2 and other industries. The list of gels and their usages would be too long to be fully
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in the field. Fruitful outcome in the membrane technology is expected to flourish
during the next decade. Incidentally gel research is also expected to grow rapidly
during the next decade.
As our society becomes richer and more sophisticated, and as we increasingly
recognize that the natural resources are not unlimited, materials with better quality and
higher functional performance become more wanted and needed. Soft and gentle
materials are beginning to replace some of the hard mechanical materials in various
industries. Recent progress in biology and polymer sciences that is unveiling the
mystery of marvelous functions of biological molecules and organelles promises new
development in gel technologies. All these factors bring us to realize the importance
and urgent needs of establishing gel sciences and technologies (1).
The principles of phase transitions and critical phenomena in polymer gels are
essential for the understanding of gels and of polymer systems in general (12). These
phenomena provide an experimental tool with which to explore the fundamentals
underlying the molecular interactions and recognitions in natural and synthetic
polymers.
In Polyelectrolyte Gels; Harland, R., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.