Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Environmental Behavior and Toxicity in East Asia

267 Pages·2018·8.23 MB·English

by  Kazuichi Hayakawa (eds.)

Kazuichi Hayakawa Editor
Polycyclic
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Environmental Behavior and Toxicity in
East Asia
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Kazuichi Hayakawa
Editor
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Environmental Behavior and Toxicity
in East Asia
Editor
Kazuichi Hayakawa
Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology
Kanazawa University
Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
ISBN 978-981-10-6774-7 ISBN 978-981-10-6775-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6775-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964506
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Preface
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, atmospheric and marine environmental
problems in Asia came to attract much global interest. The World Health Organization
(WHO) reported that in 2012, an estimated 6.5 million deaths (11.6% of all global
deaths) were associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution and some 3 million
deaths a year were linked to exposure to air pollutants such as ambient fine particu-
lates (PM ).
2.5
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), are produced through the incomplete combustion of organic matter (e.g.,
coal combustion, automobile engines, incinerators, smoking, cooking, biomass
burning in forests, slash-and-burn agriculture, etc.). Through these processes, PAHs
such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs)
such as 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) have become ubiquitous environmental organic pol-
lutants. Several PAHs such as BaP are carcinogenic and mutagenic, and several
NPAHs such as 1-NP and its further nitrated products are highly mutagenic. Large
amounts of PAHs and NPAHs are concentrated in atmospheric PM , and so the
2.5
inhalation of these particulates becomes especially hazardous.
PAHs and NPAHs are not restricted to the atmospheric environments. These pol-
lutants reach the ground by rain/snow and finally flow through rivers into the sea,
where there is also the direct atmospheric deposition into the sea. PAHs also occur
naturally in oil, and oil spills cause serious large-scale marine pollution. Altogether,
it is important to consider environmental pollution in Asia as a transboundary
pollutant.
There have been several books concerning PAHs and their related compounds,
but there is no book concerning PAH and NPAH contamination in the context of
environmental pollution in Asia. This book begins with the fundamental chemistry
and general behavior of these compounds as well as the analytical methods used in
measuring their concentrations. Further discussion looks at the atmospheric and
marine levels in Asian countries, the metabolic activation and toxicities, and the
environmental standards and guidelines for PAHs and related compounds.
Kanazawa, Japan Kazuichi Hayakawa
v
Contents
Part I Fundamental Chemistry and General Characteristics
1 Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),
Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs)
and Other Oxidative Derivatives of PAHs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Kazuichi Hayakawa
2 PAHs and NPAHs in Airborne Particulate Matter:
Initial Formation and Atmospheric Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Edward Gou Nagato
Part II Analytical Methods
3 PAHs/NPAHs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ning Tang
4 Analytical Methods for Oxidative Derivatives of PAHs
Including Application to Environmental
and Biological Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Akira Toriba
Part III Emission Sources and Atmospheric Behavior
5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/Nitro- polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Combustion Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Xiaoyang Yang and Kazuichi Hayakawa
6 Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs)
from Diesel Engines and Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Christopher D. Simpson
vii
viii Contents
7 Atmospheric Reactions of PAH Derivatives:
Formation and Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Takayuki Kameda
Part IV Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and PM2.5
8 Recent Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Japanese Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Kazuichi Hayakawa
9 PAHs/NPAHs in Northeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Ning Tang
10 Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Thailand . . . . . . . . . 117
Thaneeya Chetiyanukornkul, Thanyarat Chuesaard, Akira Toriba,
and Kazuichi Hayakawa
11 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motorcycle Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Chau Thuy Pham
12 Emission Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons/Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Cairo, Egypt, Including Source Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Hossam F. Nassar
13 Model Simulations of PAHs in Northeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Yayoi Inomata
Part V Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment
14 PAHs in the Northwestern Japan Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
T. Chizhova, Yu. Koudryashova, P. Tishchenko, and V. Lobanov
15 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Southeastern
Japan Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Kazuichi Hayakawa
16 Oil Spills and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Kazuichi Hayakawa
Part VI Metabolic Activation/Toxicities
17 Metabolic Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Kanae Bekki
18 Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Daisuke Nakajima and Mayuko Yagishita
Contents ix
19 Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish
and Marine Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Nobuo Suzuki, Takahiro Ikari, Masayuki Sato, Akira Toriba,
Toshio Sekiguchi, Yoichiro Kitani, Shouzo Ogiso, Koji Yachiguchi,
Atsuhiko Hattori, Yuji Oshima, and Kazuichi Hayakawa
Part VII Environmental Standards and Guidelines
20 Environmental Standards and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Yayoi Inomata
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Abbreviation
AceNQ Acenaphthoquinone
Ace Acenaphthylene
1-AAP N-Acetyl-1-aminopyrene
1-AP 1-Aminopyrene
Ant Anthracene
1,4-AQ 1,4-Anthraquinone
9,10-AQ 9,10-Anthraquinone
9,10-AQ-d 9,10-Anthraquinone-octadeuterated
8
BaA Benz[a]anthracene
7,12-BAQ 7,12-Benzanthraquinone
BbF Benzo[b]fluoranthene
BkF Benzo[k]fluoranthene
BgPe, BghiPe Benzo[ghi]perylene
BaP Benzo[a]pyrene
BeP-4,5-Q Benzo[e]pyrene-4,5-quinone
BaP-d Benzo[a]pyrene-dodecadeuterated
12
BaP-1,6-Q, BaP-3,6-Q,
BaP-4,5-Q, BaP-6,12-Q,
BaP-7,8-Q, BaP-7,10-Q,
BaP- 11,12-Q, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone, benzo[a]pyrene- 3,6-
quinone, benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-quinone, benzo[a]
pyrene-6,12-quinone, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-quinone,
benzo[a]pyrene-7,10-quinone, benzo[a]
pyrene-11,12-quinone
BcP-1,4-Q, BcP-5,6-Q Benzo[c]phenanthrene-1,4-quinone, benzo[c]
phenanthrene-5,6-quinone
BQ 1,4-Benzoquinone
BQ-d 1,4-Benzoquinone-quadrudeuterated
4
oxo-PAHs Carbonyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Chr Chrysene
1,2-, 1,4-, 5,6-CQ 1,2-, 1,4-, 5,6-Chrysenequinone
xi
xii Abbreviation
5,6-CQ-d 5,6-Chrysenequinone-dodecadeuterated
12
DBA Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
DBahA-5,6-Q Dibenz[a,h]anthracene-5,6-quinone
DBajA-7,14-Q Dibenz[a,j]anthracene-7,14-quinone
DiOH-1-NP Trans-4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1-nitropyrene
2,5-, 2,6-DMBQ 2,5-, 2,6-Dimethylbenzoquinone
1,3-, 1,6-, 1,8-DNP 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,8-Dinitropyrene
Frt, Flu Fluoranthene
Frt-2,3-Q Fluoranthene-2,3-quinone
Fle Fluorene
9-Fle 9-Fluorenone
FNF 3-Fluoro-7-nitrofluorene
OHPAH Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
OHNAAP Hydroxy-N-acetyl-1-aminopyrene
2-, 3-, 4-OHBaA 2-, 3-, 4-Hydroxybenz[a]anthracene
3-OHBcP 3-Hydroxybenzo[c]phenanthrene
3-OHBaP 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene
3-OHFrt 3-Hydroxyfluoranthene
2-, 9-OHFle 2-, 9-Hydroxyfluorene
1-, 2-OHNap 1-, 2-Hydroxynaphthalene
2-OH-1,4-NQ 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
OHNP Hydroxy-1-nitropyrene
OHPAH HydroxyPAH
2-, 3-, 4-, 9-OHPhe 2-, 3-, 4-, 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene
OHPyr 1-Hydroxypyrene
IDP Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
2-MBQ 2-Methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
2-MNQ 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
5,12-NapQ 5,12-Naphthacenequinone
Nap Naphthalene
NaP-d Naphthalene-pentadeuterated
8
1,2-, 1,4-NQ 1,2-, 1,4-Naphthoquinone
1,4-NQ-d 1,4-Naphthoquinone-hexadeuterated
6
5-NAc 5-Nitroacenaphthene
2-, 9-NA 2-, 9-Nitroanthracene
7NBaA 7-Nitrobenz[a]anthracene
6-NBaP 6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene
6-NC 6-Nitrochrysene
2-, 3-NFR 2-, 3-Nitrofluoranthene
2-NF 2-Nitrofluorene
1-, 3-NPer 1-, 3-Nitroperylene
4-, 9-NPh 4-, 9-Nitrophenanthrene
NPAH Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1-, 2, 4-NP 1-, 2, 4-Nitropyrene
2-NTP 2-Nitrotriphenylene