Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes. The Role of Process Analytical Chemistry

319 Pages·1992·26.25 MB·English

by  Joseph J. Breen and Michael J. Dellarco (Eds.)

ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 508
Pollution Prevention
in Industrial Processes
The Role of Process Analytical Chemistry
g 1
bs.acs.or08.fw00 Joseph J. Breen, EDITOR
pu05 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
p://92-
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29, 2010.1021/ MichUa.eSl. JE. nDveirlolanrmceon, tEaDl IPTOroRt ection Agency
October 2 | doi: 1
36 on 6, 199
163.34.1October Developed from a symposium sponsored
d by 89.n Date: by tahte t Dheiv 2is0i1osnt oNf aEtniovniraoln Mmeeenttianlg C hemistry
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adati of the American Chemical Society,
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wnlubli Atlanta, Georgia,
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April 14-19, 1991
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1992
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pollution prevention in industrial processes: the role of process
analytical chemistry / Joseph J. Breen, editor, Michael J. Dellarco,
editor.
p. cm—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 508)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of
Environmental Chemistry at the 201st National Meeting of the
American Chemical Society, Atlanta, Georgia, April 14-19, 1991."
g 1
bs.acs.or08.fw00 IInScBluNd 0es-8 b4ib1l2io-g2r4a7p8h-ic1a l references and index.
u5
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p://92- 1. Factory and trade waste—Analysis—Congresses. 2. Chemistry,
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October 2 | doi: 1 T62D88.59—7.5d.cP2605 1992 92-302C8I8P
36 on 6, 199
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by 89.Date: ZC3op9.y4r8ig-1h9t8 ©4. 1992
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adati American Chemical Society
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wnlubli All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
1992 Advisory Board
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
V. Dean Adams Bonnie Lawlor
Tennessee Technological Institute for Scientific Information
University
John L. Massingill
Mark Arnold Dow Chemical Company
University of Iowa
g 1 Robert McGorrin
bs.acs.or08.fw00 DUanvivide rBsaitkye ro f Tennessee Kraft General Foods
u5 Julius J. Menn
p0
p://92- Alexis T. Bell Plant Sciences Institute,
2 | httbk-19 University of California—Berkeley U.S. Department of Agriculture
October 29, 2012 | doi: 10.1021/ APRforiibzneedrrat CmFe. BnBtorrsaaedl yR, eJsr.e arch VUMnianirvcsheenrasltl i PtPyeh coiolfl riMpasrio c higan
36 on 6, 199 Naval Research Laboratory Delmont Laboratories
163.34.1October MNaatrigoanraelt SAc.i eCnacvea Fnaouugnhd ation AM.a Tcraulamsatenr S Ccohlwleagretz
by 89.Date:
d n Dennis W. Hess John R. Shapley
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adati Lehigh University University of Illinois
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wnlubli at Urbana-Champaign
Do P Hiroshi Ito
IBM Almaden Research Center Stephen A. Szabo
Conoco Inc.
Madeleine M. Joullie
University of Pennsylvania Robert A. Weiss
University of Connecticut
Mary A. Kaiser
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Peter Willett
Company University of Sheffield (England)
Gretchen S. Kohl
Dow-Corning Corporation
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Foreword
THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to
provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book
g 1 form. The purpose of this series is to publish comprehensive
bs.acs.or08.fw00 bino otkims ed"e voef lothpee dc ufrrormen t syrmespeoarsciah, wbehiincgh daroen eu souna llay t"ospniacp, sphloutss
u5 some review material on the topic. For this reason, it is neces
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p://92- sary that the papers be published as quickly as possible.
2 | httbk-19 Before a symposium-based book is put under contract, the
October 29, 2012 | doi: 10.1021/ pprtphoaraeoupp pneetordro s sp oeiisduac tr p eattea nhebederlx - erscf ecolovuorfi dp eceecwod ooem ndfatp ettr nhpetetrhsh i eovinsiro ss l itpuvroomee vinnefiei.etns ,w asIl nea d noaa dfcd f cotdehorip etthit aaoepcnnrpoc,sr le aol e apdcorrertiraia oftrtaen edn.oj deefesSc sdeto ia omctnthoeo.
163.34.136 on October 6, 199 Tbroeorhcgoioask mn. imzaTenerhno(esdn )ya atmouiofto nhtuhsos er ss oytrfhem evbpnieoo wstrhei u vmipsth,er ow ect hheoesrsei rb v eipeciawosp meererss s ut phaaeecnr cdveo idsridetthdoine rg (s b)te hydoe if t otttrhhhseee,
d by 89.n Date: pedreitpoarsre, wcahmo ecrhae-rceka dthya tc oaplly n, eacnedss asruyb mreivt isthioen sfi nhaalv ep abpeeenrs mtoa dteh.e
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adati As a rule, only original research papers and original
oc
wnlubli review papers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproduc
Do P tions of previously published papers are not accepted.
M. Joan Comstock
Series Editor
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Preface
POLLUTION PREVENTION as a national environmental strategy has
focused attention on technological disciplines that will make implementa
tion of the strategy a reality. The two disciplines most discussed are
industrial process engineering and alternative synthetic pathways for the
design of "environmentally friendly" chemicals and formulations. Both
are the center of attention as industry and environmental policymakers
org 01 attempt to redesign processes to be more productive, while eliminating or
October 29, 2012 | http://pubs.acs.2 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1992-0508.pr0 wwmtrrthaeeioidendtn rheutikA.G scmd ei etlgePrihodtmn zheAb ies oainaCadrnlrgfnd ed ep mtipc ywanrooior,wd nemlvuliaiehuitmsp—dnhittgeeavriinthisznpiia r eettrlotisrdo tho .nh pc enlmepere orsvteoesaccend cnehltaushsdae nscn lmoe atoftislih vplyc uoeiaattntg iorlycwai ,ncad ivaalenai enlegdnc rtdmmuidhef sd ey—etm fl raoobypnpiwry rs sooptef rlidortrylmoo uru dotcp(miumptPoricoeonvAotrv nsiraCt eeipyttad)i r on—n ewergdvq,fhi feusieipc nnalcooeetl tiir lqisotvletdyuunseao,at — l alc aliantuymlitnltomm sapi c.lmee roy,ndo utptrvitipoichnevlaredgee l
163.34.136 on October 6, 199 ltpaeinrncidenh cnoaiippqnludeere sasa .ttt e-o l Tirnmeoel ie aaeacbtnh layitelh yvaezne e dprs saus rcitmmciceupsussllyt,a rwib nepist rthror uucmmgesgiensen idtmr,se aqmmlu taiuirimsentmt eab eifenno trds s.eto aspibgCeinlroiaetntydit oifonnrvu oeommru astbi inamotsneei c ,
y 89.Date: nance and service concerns.
aded bation and TPhreo cseyssm pAonsailuymti coaln Cwhheimchis ttrhyis" , bporoovki dise db aanse de,x c"iPtionlgl uftoirounm P froerv einndtiuosn
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wnlubli trial and academic researchers to be briefed on the new environmental
oP ethic, pollution prevention, and the latest developments in community
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right-to-know legislation. It was equally exciting and informative for
environmentalists and environmental regulators and policymakers to be
apprised of the results and progress of industrial and academic efforts on
the application of process analytical chemistry to the environmental issues
of source reduction and waste minimization. The technical discussions
represented a broad spectrum of interests from industry, academia, sensor
research centers, and the Department of Energy (DOE) National Labora
tories.
This volume includes real-world industrial applications from Mon
santo, 3M, Du Pont, Dow, and Amoco. It includes contributions on sen
sor technology development—surface acoustic wave, chemical array, and
electrochemical devices—from university and private sector programs;
ix
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
contributions on coupling membrane sampling interfaces with mass spec
trometers for industrial process and environmental applications by univer
sity and government research programs. Researchers from the DOE
National Laboratories presented results on the use of fiber-optic immu-
nosensors and on waste minimization via on-line and at-line process
analytical chemistry.
The most-represented laboratory in the volume is the Center for Pro
cess Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington; 5 of the 24
chapters are by CP AC authors. This fact properly reflects their pre
eminent role in U.S. industry-university research on process analytical
chemistry. CP AC serves as a National Science Foundation success story
in government-industry-university collaboration on seeking real-world
solutions to industrial process and environmental problems.
org 01 This book, with contributions by university faculty and students and
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29, 2010.1021/ DISTChLisA bIMooEkR was edited by Joseph J. Breen and Michael J. Dellarco in
October 2 | doi: 1 Ethneviri ropnrimvaetnet acl aPpraoctietyc.t ioNn oA ogfefnicciyal i ss iunptepnodrte do ro r esnhdoourlsde mbee nint feorfr etdh.e U.S.
163.34.136 on October 6, 199 JUOO.fSSfEi.Pc HEe Jno. vBfi RTrEooEnNxm ice nStuabl sPtarontceecst ion Agency
y 89.Date: Washington, DC 20460
aded bation MICHAEL J. DELLARCO
ownloPublic OUf.Sfi.c Ee novf iRroensmeaernctha la Pndro Dteecvtieolno pAmgeenntc y
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Washington, DC 20460
June 12, 1992
X
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
Chapter 1
Pollution Prevention
The New Environmental Ethic
Joseph J. Breen1 and Michael J. Dellarco2
1Office of Toxic Substances and 2Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
2 | http://pubs.acs.org bk-1992-0508.ch001 Peoiamnfsr o vphtsiheorperowea nrtk imiwtevyyeee sn. w wttoaiTintllhlh e toe ahuo centhfm e ipfeweeovd l eolpeu fartta hritalohi,sdn e si egth1acma9otse9n - 0oba spmen.co diolcO lmlu oartecni aoa dttln h ele eepnn arvvfseiuitrvr,noo edtnnnhammtemio eecennnont tna-taa lslw l i pdiloel lrisacetyirov. ne
29, 2010.1021/ Sanudp pionrctl ufdoer st heen vnierown mapepnrtoalaicsths ,- itnhdeu snteriwal iestths,i cla w- i-sm barkoeards, based
36 on October 6, 1992 | doi: 1 gaemcneaanvndeidreroaamntle imcpdiue abnrneltsiagc,l u. g lpaooTtvilhoiecernyn s cm,b hateaosnle ltead n r fegougentuu ilrpsaeo t tololeru nsst viwaoirnniotd cnc hmop fnoerltonircomtyalsl - tm wpaoanolkdi ecd ryges oc,b avaadensreednsd m tohoefenn t
163.34.1October pmenoivlnliuirmtoiniozmna tepionrentav. le, Initnt iwdounils,l tsrroeiaqulur,c iaerne d rea rd eungceutwilao tnsoo,r cyrei acilny tccelorinmesgpt,s a.ac ntT dha mew oarosntlgees st and
d by 89.n Date: icnoonrtgriabnuicti ocnhse mofis tth, ea ncdh ethmei cparlo ecnegssin eaenra,l ystyincathle cthice morisgta nwiicll abned
adeatio integral to the full articulation and implementation of the new
wnloublic vision.
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Pollution prevention is the environmental ethic of the 1990s. It replaces two
decades of national and state environmental policies based on pollution control
(1-3). It represents the latest step in the evolution of environmental policy in
industrialized nations, especially the United States. That policy over the past
twenty years has progressed from a narrowly focused preoccupation with
regulatory command and control of "end of pipe" releases; to a more practical
"waste management" technology; to the more enlightened economics of "waste
minimization."
The advent of "waste minimization" was a watershed in the evolutionary
process. It prompted industry, regulators, and environmentalists alike, to lift
This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright
Published 1992 American Chemical Society
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
1. BREEN AND DELLARCO The New Environmental Ethic 3
their collective heads up from the seemingly interminable battles of special
interests. It redirected their attention and energy away from "end of the pipe,"
and "fence-line" micro-environmental releases, back through the industrial
facility or treatment process being controlled, right up to the front door and the
planning table where the action begins. Added nagging problems of non-point
source pollution provided further impetus to revisit the basic processes and
systems polluting the environment.
Pollution prevention emerged as the theme around which to establish a
framework to protect the environment, in part, to confront the economic
realities of the enormous costs associated with hazardous waste treatment and
disposal. The almost common good sense of the pollution prevention concept
seemed obvious to all. Past improvements in one medium invariably resulted
in contamination of another. Transferring pollutants between environmental
2 | http://pubs.acs.org bk-1992-0508.ch001 pdcasoopoolmplnulreutpoi.toaa iorcnAthnsm e, noesjeon fw itoansfi t prltny haao renda ldedo1v in9sge7ugml0orefps,ra ecawade nma dbswo yaa1r e t9ievn 8rfid0salues bxs nlitieonrby lsdle,oo eglnpauogaltvierineaorgrd nnw i.wmg emTiretehnh, testm h uasafaunftcicd crca oieele-lsnneosvtnwf uivtreloio rd cnog ocmnenrmteet arnteohttnialevt la eijsl o tsb,
29, 2010.1021/ wofo puolds shibavlee rteos pboen speust -i nso pulraccee .r eTdhuec tinoenw, rfercaymceliwngo,r ktr, ewatimthe an td aenfidn eddi shpioesraarl c-hy
36 on October 6, 1992 | doi: 1 pfoorprot ivsoiendvsePe srfo railonll umdrteui aoswstnrohy nipc,s rhg.e ovtvoeIfen srtnneiooemn kpe noiastlc lcauaentnpi doata tnttbr hlaieesc tgseivoennelvue itrerioanotnvnemidsr.,oe nnthtmaeler negtr aaolru esp tsrna oate ngp oyal rlrfuaotyra nointfsd utost rbye
163.34.1October gcoorcocnuutrnrordell dew dwa taehnre dnc omlanantnadma gdieinsdap.to iosFanul. tmuTreehth epo rodolsbd l wpemoerlseic ailearsete aran vfdoo uimdneeddt h,t oosdu bsc ehr emassua ljttoherod ss eoin uw rbchieilclsih oo nf
d by 89.n Date: fdeoaltluarr es iotef preremveednitaintigo nesx. poPsruerveesn ttoin gth peo clloumtimonu nbietfyo raet liat rogcec uanrsd htaos ththee waodrdkeedr s
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more product is produced from the same starting materials. Re-examination of
manufacturing processes as part of a pollution prevention approach can
produce a variety of unanticipated benefits such as conservation of energy and
water and improved product quality. Given the escalating costs of waste
handling in the 1980s, a program promoting source reduction can provide a
major incentive to industrial firms. A dominant cost savings can be realized
from significantly reduced future liability for future pollution. "Cradle to grave"
responsibility for wastes generated has prompted industry to reassess old
practices and long-established management techniques and perspectives on
waste management and pollution controls.
On the environmental side, the advantages of pollution prevention
include improving the effectiveness of managing reduced waste streams;
minimizing the uncertainty associated with the environmental impact of
released pollutants; avoiding cross-media transfers of released pollutants, and
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
4 POLLUTION PREVENTION IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
protecting natural resources. Finally, pollution prevention is consistent with the
public's "right-to-know" and "right-to-know more" laws, and with increased
public scrutiny of industrial practices.
Industrial Programs and Activities
Industry, working harder to be good neighbors and responsible stewards of
their products and processes, is aggressively engaged in a variety of pollution
prevention activities both as trade associations and as individual companies.
An extended description of successful trade association and individual company
programs is available from EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention (3). A snap
shot sampling of these programs would include:
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36 on October 6, 1992 | doi: 1 gcaonumdid pitnoagn Aq ieemunsave nmritriicofuaysnn tm f asPeucneiblttimratyoli -ltpes upraienmnc cia fiInipcnnl esurtseai tillute srta eesmpe (oesArm taP bnItedo)r. swid AaaersPnetIte i fsaey ln(s c5poo)r .ouh graarsge seasd p irtneo si mcforiplblloeewdm. esenAtt aPotIif'o sn
163.34.1October be1ny1v rpierroqinnucmiripienlnegts. i tgsOe nmneeer miocabf leAlrysP pItr'oso mpreroidntuecc iepa cleotisvo ednrisar eltlco te lpmyr oissptseeicoatnk ssh eataonl dtph ow, lsaluasftteeiot yng, e pnarneerdva ettinhotenio n(6 ).
d by 89.n Date: API artNicautliaotnesa lt hPea i1n1ts p arinndc iCploeast ainsg gso Aalsss otoci awthioicnh (mNPemCbAe)r.s NshPoCuAld h aassp iar eb.o na
adeatio fide Paint Pollution Prevention Program (April 1990). The goal of the program
ownloPublic ims a"ttehrei apl ruotmilioztaitoino no, ft opxoilclus tuiosne panredv eenmtiiossnio inns o ruerd uecntviiorno namnden pt rothdruocutg hst eewffaercdtisvheip
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in the paint industry" (7). The statement recommends each NPCA member
company establish a waste reduction program to include setting priorities, goals
and plans for waste and release reduction with preference first to source
reduction, second to recycling/reuse and third to treatment.
Company Programs (4).
A review of company pollution prevention activities reveals some
companies have programs which they are willing to share with the public and
other companies whose efforts are considered internal and proprietary. The
more accessible programs are usually with large multi-facility companies. They
are engaged in a wide range of operations, from specialty chemicals to high
technology electronics. Some programs are well established with formal names
and acronyms. Others are newer and more informal. The earliest dates back
to 1975, with some following in the early and mid-1980s and others initiated in
the 1990s.
In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.