Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - IFC

472 Pages·2002·2.85 MB·English

19128
April 1999
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Pollution Prevention and
Abatement Handbook
1998
Toward Cleaner Production
The World Bank Group
in collaboration with the
United Nations Environment
Programme and the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization
The World Bank Group
Washington, D.C.
Copyright © 1999
The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing April 1999
This report has been prepared by the staff of the World Bank. The judgments expressed do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors or of the governments they represent.
The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work
and will normally grant permission promptly.
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For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax your request with complete
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All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pollution prevention and abatement handbook, 1998: toward cleaner
production / in collaboration with the United Nations Enviromnent
Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8213-3638-X
1. Factory and trade waste-Management. 2. Pollution prevention.
I. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. II. United
Nations Environment Programme. III. World Health Organization.
IV. World Bank Group.
TD897.5.P645 1998
363.73'1-dc2l 98-34574
CIP
@
The text and the cover are printed on recycled paper, with a flood aqueous coating on the cover.
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook
WORLD BANK GROUP
Effective July 1998
Contents
Acknowledgments vi
Foreword vii
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Data Notes ix
I. Overview 1
Pollution Management: Key Policy Lessons 3
II. Implementing Policies in Practice 11
Basic Principles
Indicators of Pollution Management 13
The Environmental Assessment Process 22
Types of Environmental Standards 27
Principles of Waste Avoidance and Utilization 29
Efficient Use of Energy 32
Monitoring Environmental Quality 38
Setting Priorities
Comparative Risk Assessment 45
Economic Analysis of Environmental Externalities 54
The Effects of Pollution on Health: The Economic Toll 63
Public Involvement in Pollution Management 72
Analytical Support for Cost-Effective Pollution Control 78
Air Quality Management
Airshed Models 82
Removal of Lead from Gasoline 91
Urban Air Quality Management 96
Water Quality Management
Water Quality Models 101
Integrated Wastewater Management 108
Optimizing Wastewater Treatment 114
iii
iv POLLUTION PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT HANDBOOK
Industrial Pollution Management
Developing a Culture of Industrial Environmental Compliance 120
Environmental Audits in Industrial Projects 125
Environmental Management Systems and ISO 14000 129
Implementing Cleaner Production 136
Management of Hazardous Wastes 144
Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers 151
Financing Environment
Environmental Funds 155
Pollution Charges: Lessons from Implementation 160
Global and Transboundary Issues
Greenhouse Gas Abatement and Climate Change 169
Least-Cost Approaches to Reducing Acid Emissions 175
III. Project Guidelines 179
Principles of Industrial Pollution Management 181
Monitoring 186
Summary of Air Emission and Effluent Discharge Requirements Presented
in the Industry Guidelines 193
Pollutants
Airborne Particulate Matter 201
Arsenic 208
Cadmium 212
Lead 215
Mercury 219
Nitrogen Oxides 223
Ground-Level Ozone 227
Sulfur Oxides 231
Pollutant Control Technologies
Airborne Particulate Matter: Pollution Prevention and Control 235
Removal of Lead from Gasoline: Technical Considerations 240
Nitrogen Oxides: Pollution Prevention and Control 245
Ozone-Depleting Substances: Alternatives 250
Sulfur Oxides: Pollution Prevention and Control 258
Industry Sector Guidelines
Aluminum Manufacturing 261
Base Metal and Iron Ore Mining 267
Breweries 272
Cement Manufacturing 275
Chlor-Alkali Plants 279
Coal Mining and Production 282
Coke Manufacturing 286
Copper Smelting 291
Dairy Industry 295
Contents v
Dye Manufacturing 298
Electronics Manufacturing 302
Electroplating 307
Foundries 312
Fruit and Vegetable Processing 316
Glass Manufacturing 320
Industrial Estates 324
Iron and Steel Manufacturing 327
Lead and Zinc Smelting 332
Meat Processing and Rendering 337
Mini Steel Mills 341
Mixed Fertilizer Plants 345
Nickel Smelting and Refining 349
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plants 353
Oil and Gas Development (Onshore) 359
Pesticides Formulation 363
Pesticides Manufacturing 367
Petrochemicals Manufacturing 371
Petroleum Refining 377
Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing 382
Phosphate Fertilizer Plants 387
Printing 391
Pulp and Paper Mills 395
Sugar Manufacturing 401
Tanning and Leather Finishing 404
Textiles 408
Thermal Power: Guidelines for New Plants 413
Thermal Power: Rehabilitation of Existing Plants 427
Vegetable Oil Processing 430
Wood Preserving 433
General Environmental Guidelines 436
Glossary of Environmental Terms 441
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook
WORLD BANK GROUP
Effective July 1998
Acknowledgments
The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook The production of the Handbook and the many
was prepared by a team from the World Bank related administrative tasks have depended criti-
and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), cally on the tireless assistance of Sriyani Cumine
led by Richard Ackermann (subsequently by (desktop publishing), Clare Fleming, Karen
David Hanrahan) and comprising Gordon Danczyk, and Virginia Hitchcock (editing), Olivia
Hughes (Part I), David Hanrahan (Part II), and McNeal, and Luz Rivera.
Anil Somani, Sanjeev Aggarwal, and Arthur The Handbook was developed in collaboration
FitzGerald (Part III). Among the principal authors with UNIDO (Ralph Luken), the Industry and
of individual guidelines were John Dixon, Environment Office of the UNEP (Jacqueline Aloisi
Arundhati Kunte, Magda Lovei, and Kseniya de Larderel and Fritz Balkau), and the World Health
Lvovsky. Sari Soderstrom provided the infor- Organization (Dieter Schwela). The World Bank
mation in Table 3 of the chapter on Indicators Group is thankful for the generous financial sup-
of Pollution Management. The Handbook is port provided by the governments of Canada, the
based on technical documents from the United Netherlands, and Norway and for the comments
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and guidance provided by the United States En-
and the United Nations Industrial Develop- vironmental Protection Agency (USEPA), by
ment Organization (UNIDO) and on numer- Frank van den Akker (Netherlands Ministry of
ous commissioned reports by consultants. The Housing, Physical Planning and Environment),
documents have been extensively reviewed by and by the World Health Organization in provid-
several governments, nongovernmental orga- ing technical comments and guidance.
nizations, industry associations, and individual Special thanks is owed to the German govern-
companies, as well as by the World Bank’s In- ment for carrying out an exhaustive review of
dustry and Mining Division (IENIM), the IFC, the entire Handbook and for hosting two lengthy
and a World Bank/IFC Steering Committee. meetings at which the technical issues were dis-
Hans-Roland Lindgren and Yasuhide Koga re- cussed in detail. The involvement of these orga-
viewed the guidelines, with particular atten- nizations and of the many individuals who
tion to consistency with national and European contributed to the development of the Handbook
Union standards. is gratefully acknowledged.
vi
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook
WORLD BANK GROUP
Effective July 1998
Foreword
In 1988, the World Bank published Environmen- benefits—both environmental and economic—of
tal Guidelines to provide technical advice and pollution prevention, including cleaner produc-
guidance to staff and consultants involved in pol- tion and good management techniques.
lution-related projects. In the years since then, The Handbook consists of three parts.
there have been significant changes in technolo- Part I contains a summary of key policy les-
gies, in pollution management policies and prac- sons in pollution management, derived from
tices, and in the activities and portfolio of the practical experience inside and outside the World
World Bank Group. This Pollution Prevention and Bank Group over the past decade. Although Part
Abatement Handbook has been prepared to update I is aimed primarily at government decision-
and replace the 1988 guidelines. makers, other readers will derive considerable
The Handbook is specifically designed to be benefit from a better understanding of the issues
used in the context of the World Bank Group’s facing government agencies.
environmental policies, as set out in Operational Part II presents good-practice notes on imple-
Policy (OP) 4.01, “Environmental Assessment,” mentation of policy objectives, based on experi-
and related documents.1 World Bank Group ence with World Bank Group projects and on
policy stresses the primacy of the project-specific lessons from the policies and practices of other
or site-specific environmental assessment process agencies and organizations in this field.
in setting the requirements for environmental Part III provides detailed guidelines to be ap-
performance. The guidelines contained in this plied in the preparation of World Bank Group
Handbook are therefore subject to interpretation projects. The guidelines, which cover almost 40
in light of the results of the environmental as- industrial sectors, represent state-of-the-art think-
sessment. ing on how to reduce pollution emissions from
The guidelines apply to all Bank Group– the production process. In many cases, the guide-
funded projects approved in principle on or af- lines provide numerical targets for reducing pol-
ter July 1, 1998, unless the project sponsor can lution, as well as maximum emissions levels that
demonstrate that a significant investment has are normally achievable through a combination
already been made (or that a legally binding of cleaner production and end-of-pipe treatment.
agreement has been entered into) on the basis of The guidelines are designed to protect human
the 1988 guidelines. health; reduce mass loadings to the environment;
The Handbook promotes the concepts of sustain- draw on commercially proven technologies; be
able development by focusing attention on the cost-effective; follow current regulatory trends;
1. The World Bank consists of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and its
concessional-lending affiliate, the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank Group includes,
in addition to the IBRD and IDA, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which focuses on cooperation
with the private sector in developing countries, and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The
World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.01 is a conversion of the existing Operational Directive 4.0 and contains the
same basic principles as the directive. The IFC and MIGA have parallel policies.
vii
viii POLLUTION PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT HANDBOOK
and promote good industrial practices, which WHO, and several bilateral agencies, including
offer greater productivity and increased energy those of Canada, Germany, the Netherlands,
efficiency. Norway, Sweden, and the United States.
The application of the guidelines set out in Part In addition, extensive informal consultation
III can minimize the use of resources and reduce and discussions with other international fi-
the quantity of wastes requiring treatment and nancing institutions, industry organizations,
disposal. The guidelines represent good environ- regulatory agencies, and nongovernmental orga-
mental management practices that can be imple- nizations have taken place. Many comments have
mented and maintained with the skills and been received and have been incorporated into
resources typically available in countries in which the Handbook to the extent possible. It is intended
the World Bank Group operates. The World Bank and hoped that the Handbook represents a broad
Group is committed to strengthening manage- consensus of what is achievable through current
ment and technical skills and to supporting the good practice in pollution management.
development of the necessary institutions in these This Handbook is envisaged as a living docu-
countries. Where relevant national regulations do ment: its implementation will be monitored over
not exist, the guidelines may provide a basis for the next year, further industry guidelines will be
negotiating site-specific agreements between issued, and the need for revision will be weighed
regulators and enterprises. in the light of the accumulated experience. The
The Handbook was compiled by staff members full text of the Handbook is available on the envi-
of the Environment Departments of the World ronmental section on the World Bank Group’s
Bank and the International Finance Corporation website (www.worldbank.org), where any revi-
(IFC). Contributions and advice came from many sions or additional guidelines will be posted.
other technical and operational units within the Formal and informal consultations on the con-
World Bank Group and from outside consultants. tent and application of the Handbook will con-
A number of drafts were circulated and dis- tinue, and comments are welcome. Comments
cussed, including a full Annual Meetings edition should be addressed to the Program Leader,
in September 1997. The guidelines related to ther- Urban, Industry and Energy, Environment De-
mal power plants were the subject of a two-day partment, World Bank, or to the Unit Head, En-
international expert panel workshop held at the vironment and Social Review, Environment
World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva in Division, IFC, at the address given on the copy-
April 1997. Officials of key borrowing countries, right page.
other government and private sector representa-
tives, and WHO and Bank experts attended the
workshop. Andreas Raczynski
The IFC and the World Bank’s Industry and Director
Mining Division carried out and coordinated Technical and Environment Department
detailed technical reviews of the relevant indus- International Finance Corporation
try-specific guidelines. Technical background
material, as well as advice and comments, were Robert T. Watson
provided by the United Nations Environment Director
Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Indus- Environment Department
trial Development Organization (UNIDO), The World Bank
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook
WORLD BANK GROUP
Effective July 1998
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Data Notes
ACM Asbestos-containing materials
ADP Air-dried pulp
AIJ Activities Implemented Jointly (Kyoto Protocol)
AMD Acid mine drainage
AOX Adsorbable organic halides
BAT Best available technology
BATNEEC Best available technology not entailing excessive cost
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand. In this Handbook, BOD is understood to refer to BOD ,
5
BOD measured over five days.
BOF Basic oxygen furnace
BPT Best practicable technology
CAC Command and control
CDM Clean development mechanism
CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
CIP Clean-in-place (methods)
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CON Control octane number
CP Cleaner production
CSM Continuous stack monitoring
CTC Carbon tetrachloride
DALY Disability-adjusted life year
DCF Directed credit fund
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DMT Dimethyl terphthalate
DO Dissolved oxygen
DRR Dose-response relationship
DSS Decision Support System for Integrated Pollution Control
EA Environmental assessment
EAF Electric arc furnace
ECF Elemental chlorine-free (bleaching)
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMS Environmental management system
EPI Economic performance indicator
ESCO Energy service company
ESP Electrostatic precipitators
ETF Earmarked tax fund
EU European Union
FBC Fluidized-bed combustion
FCC Fluid catalytic cracking
FGD Flue gas desulfurization
ix