Pollution Control and Resource Reuse for Alkaline Hydrometallurgy of Amphoteric Metal ...

30 Pages·2017·0.33 MB·English

Handbook of Environmental Engineering 18
Zhao Youcai
Zhang Chenglong
Pollution Control and
Resource Reuse for
Alkaline Hydrometallurgy
of Amphoteric Metal
Hazardous Wastes
Handbook of Environmental Engineering
Volume 18
SeriesEditors
LawrenceK.Wang
PhD,RutgersUniversity,NewBrunswick,NewJersey,USA
MS,UniversityofRhodeIsland,Kingston,RhodeIsland,USA
MSCE,MissouriUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Rolla,Missouri,USA
BSCE,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan
Mu-HaoSungWang
PhD,RutgersUniversity,NewBrunswick,NewJersey,USA
MS,UniversityofRhodeIsland,Kingston,RhodeIsland,USA
BSCE,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/7645
Zhao Youcai (cid:129) Zhang Chenglong
Pollution Control and
Resource Reuse for Alkaline
Hydrometallurgy
of Amphoteric Metal
Hazardous Wastes
ZhaoYoucai ZhangChenglong
StateKeyLaboratoryofPollution ShanghaiCooperativeCenter
ControlandResourceReuse forWEEERecycling
SchoolofEnvironmentalScience ShanghaiPolytechnicUniversity
andEngineering Shanghai,China
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
HandbookofEnvironmentalEngineering
ISBN978-3-319-55157-9 ISBN978-3-319-55158-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-55158-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017933684
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith
regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
Amphotericmetalisametalsusceptibletoleachinginbothacidandalkalinemedia,
especiallyinaqueoussolutions,generallyintheformofoxides,suchasaluminum,
zinc, lead, etc. Zinc and lead are two of the commonest amphoteric heavy metals
usedintheworld.Asaresult,alargequantityofhazardouswastescontainingzinc
andleadarebeinggeneratedorstoredatlandfillsandfactories.Thetreatmentand
recyclingofzincandleadhazardouswasteshavethusreceivedgreatconcern.Zinc
and lead in these hazardous wastes may be generally extracted by leaching with
acidic or alkaline solutions. For the acidic leaching process, though zinc and lead
willbedissolvedtoanacceptablehighlevel,thebulkmaterials,iron,calcium,etc.,
willalsobedissolvedcompletely,andthedissolvedironandotherelementshaveto
beprecipitatedfromtheleachingsolutions.Moreover,abigfractionofzincexists
aszincferritesinthedust,whichcannotbeattackedeffectivelybyacidicleaching
processes. Therefore, the acidic leaching process seems not to be economically
viableforthetreatmentofthesewastes.
In contrast,considering that only the oxides of lead and zinc as well as part of
aluminumwillbedissolvedinalkalinesolution,itmaybeacost-effectivemethod
to extract zinc and lead from the wastes by alkaline leaching processes. The
thermodynamics and kinetics of alkaline leaching of zinc and lead hazardous
wastes show that ZnO, ZnCO , and Zn SiO can be dissolved by strong alkaline
3 2 4
(cid:1)
solution. Compared with ZnO and ZnCO , a higher concentration of OH is
3
required todissolveZn SiO . ZnS cannot be leached by alkaline solution directly
2 4
underatmosphericpressure.PbO,PbSO ,andPbCO canbedissolvedinconcen-
4 3
tratedNaOHsolutions,whilethedissolutionofPbSmaybenegligible.FortheZnS
insolidwastes,theleachingrateofzincinalkalinesolutionisgreatlyimprovedvia
chemicalconversionwithPbCO .Inthisbook,thealkalinehydrometallurgyofzinc
3
andleadhazardouswastesisfullydescribed.Thealkalineleachingprocessforthe
selectiveleachingofzincandlead,selectiveseparationbetweenzincandleadinthe
leachingsolutionusingsodiumsulfide,electrowinningofhigh-purityzincpowders
fromthepurifiedleachsolution,operationalcostsandmassbalanceanalysisforall
possible processes, flow sheets, and chemical reactions that take place in the
v
vi Preface
processesareprovidedindetail.Theindustrialapplicationprocessandengineering
designisalsogiven.Themaincontentsincludezincandleadhazardouswastesand
hydrometallurgical processes, leaching of zinc and lead hazardous wastes, purifi-
cation of leach solution of zinc and lead, electrowinning of zinc from purified
alkaline solutions, chemical reactions taking place in the processes and proposed
flowsheets,thermodynamicandspentelectrolyteregeneration,alkalinehydromet-
allurgy of low-grade smithsonite ores, recovery of associated valuables from lean
leachsolutions,andindustrial-scaleproductionof1500–2000t/azincpowderusing
alkalineleaching-electrowinningprocesses.Theprocessiscost-effectiveandgen-
erateslittlesecondarypollutantsandhasbeenappliedwidelyinChina.
The readers include solid waste engineers, managers, technicians, recycling
coordinators and government officials, undergraduates and graduates, and
researchers.
Shanghai,China ZhaoYoucai
ZhangChenglong
Contents
1 AmphotericMetalHazardousWastesandHydrometallurgical
ProcessesofZincandLead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 AmphotericMetalHazardousWastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 PyrometallurgicalTreatmentProcessesforZincandLead. . . . . 4
1.3 StabilizationofHeavyMetalsforHazardousWastes. . . . . . . . 4
1.4 AcidicLeachingProcessforZincandLeadOresandWastes. . 5
1.5 AlkalineLeachingProcessforZincandLeadOres
andWastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 HydrometallurgicalProductionofZinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 MetallurgyofLead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.1 Oxidation-ReductionSmelting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.2 Reaction-Melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7.3 PrecipitationMelting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7.4 AlkaliMelting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 ThermodynamicsofAlkalineLeachingofZincandLead
HazardousWastes.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 13
2.1 ThermodynamicsofAlkalineLeachingofZincHazardous
Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 MorphologyDistributionofZincinAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 13
2.1.2 ExperimentalVerification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.3 ApparentEquilibriumConstantforZincDissolved
inNaOHSolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.4 E-pHEquilibriumDiagramsofLeachingSystems
ofZinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 ThermodynamicsofAlkalineLeachingofSolid
WastesBearingLead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 MorphologyDistributionofLeadinAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 25
vii
viii Contents
2.2.2 E-pHEquilibriumDiagramsofLeachingSystems
ofLead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 ThermodynamicsofAlkalineLeachingofImpurityIons. . . . . . 32
2.3.1 ThermodynamicBehaviorofCu(II)inAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 32
2.3.2 ThermodynamicBehaviorofCo(II)inAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 33
2.3.3 ThermodynamicBehaviorofCd(II)inAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 34
2.3.4 ThermodynamicBehaviorofFe(III)inAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 36
2.3.5 ThermodynamicBehaviorofNi(II)inAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 36
2.3.6 ThermodynamicBehaviorofMg(II)inAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 37
2.3.7 ThermodynamicBehaviorofCa(II)inAlkaline
Solution. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 38
3 KineticsofAlkalineLeachingofSolidWastesBearing
ZincandLead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 KineticsModelofLeachinginAlkalineSolution. . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 KineticsofAlkalineLeachingofZincHazardousWastes. . . . . 43
3.2.1 AlkalineLeachingKineticAnalysis
ofWasteBearingZinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.2 AlkalineLeachingKineticAnalysisofZinc
Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.3 AlkalineLeachingKineticAnalysis
ofZincSilicate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.4 ImpactFactorsofZincAlkalineLeachingProcess. . . . 50
3.3 KineticAnalysisofAlkalineLeachingofLeadOxideOre. . . . 54
3.3.1 EffectsofTemperatureonReactionRate
ofAlkalineLeachingofLeadOxideOre. . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.2 EffectsofNaOHConcentrationonReaction
RateofAlkalineLeachingofLeadOxideOre. . . . . . . 56
3.3.3 EffectsofParticleSizeonReactionRate
ofAlkalineLeachingofLeadOxideOre. . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 LeachingofZincandLeadHazardousWastes
inAlkalineSolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1 LeachingofZincandLeadDustfromSteelmakingPlants
withLowerIronContentsinAlkalineSolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.1.1 EffectsofLeachingTimeforLeachingofZinc
andLeadDustinAlkalineSolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.1.2 EffectsofLiquid-SolidRatioonLeaching
ofZincandLeadDustinAlkalineSolutions. . . . . . . . 62
Contents ix
4.1.3 EffectsofNaOHConcentrationinLeaching
AgentonLeachingofZincandLeadDust
inAlkalineSolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.1.4 SequentialandMultistageLeachingofDust
inAlkaline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1.5 TestsontheLeachingEnhancementforLeaching
Residues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2 ExtractionofZincfromDustbyDirectMelting
withSolidNaOH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2.1 EffectsofMeltingTimeforExtraction
ofZincfromDustbyDirectMelting
withSolidNaOH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2.2 EffectsofLeachingTimeonExtraction
ofZincfromDustbyDirectMelting
withSolidNaOH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2.3 EffectsofMassRatiosofDusttoSolidNaOH
inthemeltsonleaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.4 EffectsofNaOHConcentrationonLeaching. . . . . . . . 68
4.2.5 EffectsofTemperatureonExtractionofZinc
fromDustbyDirectMeltingwithSolidNaOH. . . . . . 69
4.3 ExtractionofZincfromLeachingResiduesbyMelting
theResidueswithSolidNaOH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.1 EffectsofMeltingTimeontheExtraction
ofZincfromtheLeachingResidues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.2 EffectsofMeltingTemperatureontheExtraction
ofZincfromLeachingResiduesbyMelting
theResidueswithSolidNaOH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.3 EffectsofLeachingTimeontheExtraction
ofZincfromLeachingResiduesMelted
withSolidNaOH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3.4 EffectsofNaOHConcentrationontheExtraction
ofZincfromLeachingResiduesMelted
withSolidNaOH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3.5 MeltingwithSodiumPhosphateInsteadofSodium
Hydroxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.6 CompositionofLeachingSolutionoftheMelts
andtheResultantZn-FreeResidues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.4 ExtractionofZincfromDustviaHydrolysis-Melting-Leaching
Process.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 74
4.4.1 EffectsofMeltingTemperatureonExtraction
ofZincfromDustviaHydrolysis-Melting-Leaching
Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.4.2 EffectsofNaOHConcentrationinLeaching
AgentontheExtractionofZincfromDust
viaHydrolysis-Melting-LeachingProcess. . . . . . . . . . 75
x Contents
4.4.3 EffectsofLeachingTimeonExtractionofZinc
fromDustviaHydrolysis-Melting-LeachingProcess. . 75
4.4.4 EffectsofNaOH/DustMassRatiosintheMelt
ontheExtractionofZincfromDustvia
Hydrolysis-Melting-AlkalineLeachingProcess. . . . . . 76
4.4.5 EffectsofWater-DustRatioandHydrolysisTime
intheHydrolysisStepviaHydrolysis-Melting-Alkaline
LeachingProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4.6 CompositionoftheSupernatantintheHydrolysis
ofDustintheHydrolysisStepvia
Hydrolysis-Melting-AlkalineLeachingProcess. . . . . . 77
4.4.7 RecyclingoftheFiltratefortheHydrolysisofDust
intheHydrolysisStepviaHydrolysis-Melting-Alkaline
LeachingProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.4.8 EffectsoftheAdditionontheMeltingandExtraction
ofZincfromDustviaHydrolysis-Melting-Leaching
Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4.9 EffectsofLiquid-SolidRatioontheExtractionofZinc
fromMeltedDustviaHydrolysis-Melting-Leaching
Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4.10 RelationshipsBetweenZincExtractability
andtheZincandIronContentsintheDust
byDirectLeachingProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.4.11 ChemicalReactionsintheMeltingandAlkaline
LeachingProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.5 Scale-UpExperimentsonExtractionofZincfromDust
viaHydrolysis-Melting-AlkalineLeachingProcess. . . . . . . . . . 84
4.6 ExtractionofLeadandOtherMetalsfromZincandLead
HazardousWastesinAlkalineSolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.7 TypicalCompositionandSupposedTreatment
oftheAlkalineSolutionLeachingResidues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.8 AlkalineTreatmentofLow-LeachableZincandLead
HazardousWasteswithHighIronContents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.8.1 DirectAlkalineLeachingofLow-Leachable
ZincandLeadHazardousWasteswithHigh
IronContents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.8.2 MeltingandthenAlkalineLeachingoftheLeaching
ResiduesShowninTable4.26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.8.3 MeltingandAlkalineLeachingoftheOriginal
andHydrolyzedDustwithHigherIronContents. . . . . 91
4.9 AlkalineLeachingofZincSulfideinAlkalineSolution
viaChemicalConversionwithLeadCarbonates. . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.9.1 EffectsofPb/ZnSMoleRatioonLeachingofZinc
SulfideinAlkalineSolutionviaChemicalConversion
withLeadCarbonates. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93