Pollution Control and Resource Recovery. Municipal Solid Wastes at Landfill

388 Pages·2016·32.577 MB·English

by  Zhao Youcai and Lou Ziyang (Auth.)

POLLUTION CONTROL
AND RESOURCE
RECOVERY
Municipal Solid Wastes
at Landfill
ZHAO YOUCAI* AND LOU ZIYANG
*Prof. Dr., State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and
Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ZhouHaiyan
ShanghaiLaogangWasteDisposalCompany,Shanghai,China
LiHangfen
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
NiuJing
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
MeiJuan
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
ZhangMeilan
ShanghaiLaogangWasteDisposalCompany,Shanghai,China
HuangRenhua
ShanghaiLaogangWasteDisposalCompany,Shanghai,China
ZhouTao
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
ZhaoTiantao
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
ChaiXiaoli
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
HeYan
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
SunYingjie
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
ZhaoYoucai
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
LouZiyang
ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai,China
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China
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ix
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Zhao Youcai is currently a professor of environmental engineering at
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University. He
gotbachelordegreefromSichuanUniversity(1984)andPhDfromInstitute
of Chemical Metallurgy (now Institute of Process Engineering), Chinese
AcademyofSciences,Beijing(1989).Afterfinishinghispostdoctoralresearch
workatFudanUniversity,Shanghai,hejoinedinTongjiUniversityin1991.
Meanwhile, he had also worked at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Greece,NationalUniversityofSingapore,TulaneUniversity,UnitedStates,
and Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, for 4years as research fellow or
visitingprofessor.Hehadauthoredorcoauthored138publicationspublished
inthepeer-reviewedinternationallyrecognizedjournals,420publicationsin
China journals, and authored or coauthored 75 books (as an author or
Editor-in-chief). Currently, his research interests include treatment of
municipal solid wastes, sewage sludge, hazardous wastes, polluted construc-
tion wastes, and industrial wastes.
Contact information:
E-mail: [email protected]
Mailaddress:TheStateKeyLaboratoryofPollutionControlandResource
Reuse,SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,TongjiUniver-
sity, Shanghai 200092, China.
Lou Ziyang is currently an associate professor of environmental engineer-
ing at School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
TongUniversity,China,andaHumboldtFellowinGermany.Heobtained
his PhD in 2007 from School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,andgothisBachelordegreefromDepartment
ofChemicalEngineering,DalianUniversityofTechnology(DUT)in2001
(Dalian,LiaoningProvince).Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludethedevel-
opment of landfill technology with low pollutants emissions, onsite land
j
xi
xii AbouttheAuthors
processing system for high strength waste water, and waste and climate
change from LCA perspectives.
Contact information:
E-mail: [email protected]
Mail address: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
PREFACE
The annual quantity of municipal solid wastes (referred to refuse as used in
thisbookinbrief)intheworldmaybeover7billiontonsandmostofthem
are being landfilled. Leachate and landfill gases will generate and the stabi-
lized aged refuse will be thus formed, when the wastes undergo complex
physical, chemical and biological changes after they are placed in a landfill.
Leachateisaverytoxicliquidandlandfillgasesarekeygreenhousegasesand
should be controlled carefully for a long period. Meanwhile, as a useful
resource, the aged refuse may be recycled.
The construction and operation procedures for a landfill of municipal
solid wastes have been well established worldwide, and the relevant litera-
ture such as guidelines, regulations, acts, directives, etc., can be easily avail-
able. However, the pollution control and resource reuse engineering
technologies for a landfill are still developing and should be summarized.
For the past 25years, the authors have conducted a series of research
workonthepollutioncontrolandresourcereuseformunicipalsolidwastes
landfill,viewingthewastesplacedinlandfillasaresource,andleachateand
landfill gases as secondary pollutants. For the stabilized wastes as referred to
agedrefuse,itcanbeminedandrecycledafterseparationandpretreatment.
For leachate and greenhouse gases, several novel techniques have been
developed, such as aged-refuseebased biofilters and deep-shaft bioreactors
for leachate, and aged-refuse biocover for the biooxidization of fugitive
methaneemission,alongwiththeconventionaltechniquesincludingmem-
brane bioreactor, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis.
Formanyyears,landfillshavebeenviewedasanultimatedisposalsitefor
refuse.Inthisbook,however,thelandfillisconsideredasarenewablebiore-
actor,whentheleachateandlandfillgasescanbemitigatedeffectively.The
contents of this book include general structure of sanitary landfill, stabiliza-
tion process of landfill, recycling of aged refuse, leachate generation pro-
cesses, leachate pollution control, utilization and biooxidation of landfill
gas,andnovellandfillingforleachateandmethanecontrol,coveringthelat-
estresearchanddevelopmentachievementsgainedinrecentyearsinmunic-
ipal solid wastes (refuse) landfilling process. The readers may include
engineers, managers, undergraduates and graduates, and researchers and
scientists.
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xiii
SUMMARY
Landfilling is still a key world-wide end-of-pipe disposal technique for
municipal solid wastes. For many years, landfills have been viewed as an
ultimate disposal site for refuse. In this book, however, the landfill is
considered as a renewable bioreactor. The contents of this book include
general structures and installations of sanitary landfill, recycling of aged
refuse, leachate generation processes and pollution control, utilization and
bio-oxidation of methane, and novel landfilling for leachate and methane
control in a municipal solid wastes (refuse) landfill.
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xv
ABBREVIATIONS
Aft Al O -Fe O -tri
2 3 2 3
AFm Al O -Fe O -mono
2 3 2 3
AR Aged refuse
ARB Aged refuse biofilter
NH3-N Ammonia nitrogen
BDM Biodegradable matters
BOD5, or BOD Biological oxygen demands
C-S-H Calcium silicate hydrates
CODCr or COD Chemical oxygen demands
CL Conventional Landfill
DGGE Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
DEP Diethyl phthalate
DBP Dibutyl phthalate
DO Dissolved oxygen
DS Dissolved Solids
DSAB Deep shaft aeration bioreactor
DM Dissolved matter
DOM Dissolved organic matter
FA Fulvic Acid
GCL Sodium bentonite composite impermeable liner
HA Humic Acid
HDPE High-density polyethylene film
HRT Hydraulic retention time
Hy-base Hydrophobic bases
Hy-acid Hydrophobic acids
Hy-Neutral Hydrophobic neutral
Hi-bases Hydrophilic bases
Hi-acids Hydrophilic acids
Hi-Neutral Hydrophilic neutral
HS Humic substances
IC Inorganic Carbon
LFG Landfill gas
MSW Municipal solid waste
MVC Mechanical Vapor Compression
MW Molecular weight
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xvii
xviii Abbreviations
ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential
PAEs Phthalic acid esters
POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants
PC Primary component
PCA Principal component analysis
Refuse Municipal solid wastes
RL Renewable landfilling
RO Reverse osmosis
SS Suspended Solid
TN Total nitrogen
TP Total phosphate
TOC Total organic carbon
TS Total solid
TK Total potassium
USEPA US Environment Protection Agency
VOCs Volatile organic carbons
XOCs Xenobiotic organic compounds
CHAPTERONE
General Structure of Sanitary
fi
Land ll
1.1 SANITARY LANDFILL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTES
Municipal solid wastes, also namely refuse, garbage, domestic wastes,
weredumpedatanyavailablesitesforalongtime,withoutpollutioncontrol
measures.Sanitarylandfill,incontrastwithdumpingsites,wasdevelopedin
the1960sinUKandotherdevelopedcountries.Asasanitarylandfill,lining
system, leachate collection and treatment system, landfill gas collection and
treatment system, daily cover, final closure and ecological remediation, are
among the key techniques that must be designed and implemented. Lining
systemisanessentialinfrastructureforasanitarylandfill.Withoutthelining
system,thelandfillwillbeadumpingsite.Inalandfillwithaliningsystem,
i.e.,sanitarylandfill,landfillgasandleachatewillbepreventedfromentering
surroundingsoilandwater,whichcanalsopreventgroundwaterandsurface
waterfrom enteringthelandfill, andthus effectively control the amount of
leachate.
1.2 ARTIFICIAL HORIZONTAL LINING MATERIALS
Themostcommonimpermeablematerialusedforsanitarylandfilllin-
ingsystemisflexiblesyntheticgeomembrane,compactedclay,andgeosyn-
thetic clay liner (GCL). High-density polyethylene (HDPE) film has been
theuniquegeomembranematerialusedasliningmaterialforsanitarylandfill
in the world, which has an excellent chemical stability and flexibility, low
permeability, strong UV stability, corrosion, and deformation resistances as
showninTable1.1.ThethicknessofHDPEgeomembraneforlandfilllin-
ing system should not be less than 1.5mm, preferably 2.0 and 2.5mm.
Compactedclayiswidelyusedinsanitarylandfillliningsystemaloneor
with HDPE. When it is used alone, the permeability coefficient of
1(cid:1)10(cid:3)7cm/s and thickness of 2m should be used for the whole landfill.
In most cases, it is nearly impossible to get such a clay, both in terms of
PollutionControlandResourceRecovery
ISBN:978-0-12-811867-2 ©2017ElsevierInc. j
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