Pollution and Fish Health in Tropical Ecosystems

394 Pages·2013·21.167 MB·English

by  Eduardo Alves de Almeida, Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro

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Pollution and Fish Health
in
Tropical Ecosystems

Pollution and Fish Health
in
Tropical Ecosystems
Editors
Eduardo Alves de Almeida
Depto. de Química e Ciências Ambientais
IBILCE–UNESP
Sao Jose do Rio Preto
Brazil
Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro
Federal University of Paraná
Department of Cellular Biology
Curitiba, Paraná
Brazil
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM
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Foreword
Because a large number of chemicals directly used in our daily lives or
generated by our cars and industries still have their fi nal destination in the
aquatic compartment of our planetary ecosystem, the health of small and
large organisms living in lakes, rivers, estuaries, oceans and even below
the Antarctic ice sheet should stay among our top priorities in protection
and conservation measures to be developed by national agencies and
international conventions. Healthy molluscs, crabs and fi sh mean high
quality food for human consumption but also, and above all, healthy aquatic
ecosystems where organisms in complex interactions with each other can
reproduce and grow, and hence contribute to maintain the biodiversity
of life on our small blue planet. Determining the health status of aquatic
invertebrates and fi sh is a quite complex task currently addressed by a
large world community of scientists sharing their technical skills and
disciplinary knowledge to develop and apply indicators, markers and
models to understand the behaviour of chemicals in water and sediment
and to elucidate the responses of living cells and tissues to the aggression
of xenobiotics.
This book is the best example ever of such an effort of dedicated
scientists to share their expertises and recent results in an attempt to describe
the effects of pollutants on fi sh health, with a special emphasis on tropical
species. Fish physiology and water temperature are two governing factors
that must be taken under consideration when modelling fi sh health in
presence of toxicants. For a number of fi sh biomarkers using biochemical
reactions such as enzyme kinetics or oxidative stress responses, temperature
can be considered as a confounding factor when comparing toxic responses
in fi sh living under tropical conditions to those experiencing high seasonal
variations in northern countries. The use of sub-tropical and tropical fi sh
species in experimental protocols is still an important challenge for South
American fi sh toxicologists because most models have been developed for
northern species and differences in fi sh physiology are raising important
problems in the interpretation of toxicological data. What the authors are
proposing in this book is a synthesis of the most important and challenging
vi Pollution and Fish Health in Tropical Ecosystems
research topics related to fi sh toxicology, and more generally, to aquatic
ecotoxicology where fi sh species are considered as a pivotal component of
tropical ecosystems.
Emilien Pelletier,
Professor of Marine Ecotoxicology
Université du Québec à Rimouski, Qc, Canada
Preface
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly
regarded sources, with a wide variety of references listed.
Brazilian and other tropical aquatic ecosystems house the highest
diversity and the largest number of aquatic organisms species in the world,
but unfortunately these regions also tends to be responsible for the poorest
investments in environmental research. Signifi cant investment in research is
necessary for understanding the ecological complexity in these ecosystems,
and even more fi nancial and scientifi c resources are required to estimate the
real impact of human activities. The high degree of ecological complexity
present in tropical aquatic ecosystems also means that there is a comparable
level of fragility, making it more diffi cult to study the interactions between
ecological factors and the increasing presence of chemicals. This book is
focused on studies about species that are native to Brazil. The experiences
of the individual authors have been brought together to make a collection
within a chapter with a common goal. Thus, this volume is designed to be
both a textbook and a general reference book. It includes the integration
and synthesis of ecotoxicological research with tropical fi sh species. Topics
from population to molecular effects of chemicals are covered, but the many
complex pathways and mechanisms of chemically-induced disorders could
only be briefl y mentioned.
The effort of authors is not enough to reveal and explain the problems
resulting from the chemicals present in the tropical and aquatic ecosystem.
The authors recognize this challenge, and they have done their best to
emphasize the importance of ecotoxicological studies as a tool for political
statements in these regions.
Additionally, the authors are grateful to state and federal agencies
for their fi nancial support. Importantly, the authors would like to express
a warmest thanks to the students who, through their academic studies,
contributed to the basis of this book.
The editors

Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
1. Introduction—Pollution and Fish Health in Tropical 1
Ecosystems: A Brief Summary on Current Challenges
and Perspectives
Eduardo Alves de Almeida, Aline Cristina Ferreira Rodrigues and
Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro
2. Genes and Proteins Related with Biotransformation in 15
Tropical Fishes: Perspectives in Aquatic Toxicology
Juliano Zanette
3. Nuclear Receptors in Fish and Pollutant Interactions 35
Afonso C.D. Bainy, Jacó J. Mattos and Marília N. Siebert
4. Fish Neurotoxic Pollutants 51
Helena Cristina Silva de Assis and Maritana Mela
5. Pollutants and Oxidative Stress 84
Francisco Filipak Neto
6. Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity 132
Marta Margarete Cestari
7. The Use of Fish Biomarkers in the Evaluation of Water 164
Pollution
Thiago E.M. Parente and Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
8. Blood Parameters of Estuarine and Marine Fish as 182
Non-Destructive Pollution Biomarkers
R. Seriani, D.M.S. Abessa, C.D.S. Pereira, A.A. Kirschbaum,
L.D. Abujamara, L.M. Buruaem, C. Félix, G.C.R. Turatti,
L.R.G.B. Prado, E.C.P.M. Sousa and M.J.T. Ranzani-Paiva
9. Histopathological Markers in Fish Health Assessment 206
Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro and Marisa Fernandes Narciso