Table Of Content
P
OLITICS IN A
C W
HANGING ORLD
A C I
OMPARATIVE NTRODUCTION
P S
TO OLITICAL CIENCE
FFIIFFTTHH EEDDIITTIIOONN
M E. E
ARCUS THRIDGE
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
H H
OWARD ANDELMAN
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee—Emeritus
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative © 2010, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Introduction to Political Science, Fifth Edition
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C
ONTENTS
Preface viii
About the Authors xii
I F 1
UNDAMENTALS
1 Politics, Government, and Political Science 3
Politics and Government Defined 7
Government Functions 9
Kinds of Governments 11
The Stakes of Politics 14
Politics in a Changing World 24
Conclusion: Why Study Political Science? 27
2 Ideologies: Images of Political Life 33
Liberalism and Conservatism 34
Capitalism 41
Marxism 43
Socialism 47
Other Ideologies 50
Conclusion: Ideology Shapes Political Community and Political Conflict 58
II P B 63
OLITICAL EHAVIOR
3 Political Culture and Socialization 65
Political Culture: Origins of the Concept 67
Agents of Political Socialization 69
Classifying Political Cultures 75
The Evolution of Political Cultures 82
Conclusion: The Utility of Political Culture 89
iii
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iv ✵ CONTENTS
4 Public Opinion and Elections 94
Influences on Public Opinion and Voting Choice 95
Voter Turnout 112
Belief Systems 117
The Electoral Process and Campaign Money 118
Electoral Systems 120
Public Opinion Polling 126
Conclusion: Elections and Public Opinion—
The People’s Voice? 127
5 Political Parties 133
What Are Political Parties? 135
The Functions of Political Parties 136
The Origins of Political Parties 143
Party Systems 145
Types of Political Parties 148
Conclusion: Parties in a Changing World 156
6 Interest Groups 163
Interest Groups: What They Are and How They Work 165
The Power of Interest Groups 177
The Growth of Interest Groups 182
How Interest Groups Are Formed 183
Conclusion: Interest Groups—A Challenge for Democracy? 188
III P I 193
OLITICAL NSTITUTIONS
7 Legislative Institutions 195
Lawmaking 197
Legislatures: Features, Functions, and Structure 197
Representation 210
Party Responsibility and Legislative Behavior 212
The Changing Role of Modern Legislatures 214
8 Executive Institutions and Political Leadership 219
The Functions of Executive Institutions 220
Kinds of Executive Institutions 226
Limits on Executive Power 228
Approaches to Executive Leadership 231
Conclusion: The Evolving Challenges of Executive Power 237
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CONTENTS ✵ v
9 Judicial Institutions 241
Judicial Functions 242
Justice and the Political System 243
Kinds of Law 247
Judicial Institutions: Structure and Design 251
Judicial Decisions and Public Policy 256
Perspectives on Judicial Policy Making 257
10 Bureaucratic Institutions 264
What Is Bureaucracy? 267
Bureaucratic Functions 269
The Growth of Bureaucracy 271
Bureaucracy Evaluated 273
Bureaucracy and Democracy 278
Can Bureaucracy Be Improved? 283
Bureaucracy in Political Life 284
IV P S N 289
OLITICS IN ELECTED ATIONS
Some Critical Approaches and Issues 290
Great Britain and the United States: Developed Democracies 290
Russia and China: Past and Present Communist Giants 291
Mexico: A Developing Nation 291
11 U.S. Government: The Dilemmas of Democracy 293
The Founding Period 294
Governmental Institutions 298
Participation in U.S. Politics 320
U.S. Politics: Prospects and Challenges 325
12 Great Britain: A Traditional Democracy 341
The Relevance of British Politics 342
Contemporary British Society and Political Culture 345
Political Parties and Voting 351
Interest Groups 359
The Structure of Government 361
Public Policy and the British Economy 365
Conclusion: Great Britain in the Twenty-First Century 368
13 Russia: The Elusive Path to and from Democracy 372
The Relevance of the Russian Experience 374
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vi ✵ CONTENTS
The Rise and Fall of Soviet Communism 375
The Birth of a New Political System 382
Restructuring the Economy 391
Russia in the Early Years of the Twenty-First Century:
The Putin Presidency and After 397
Putin and the Creation of an All-Powerful Presidency 400
Conclusion: The Transition to Democracy Derailed 405
14 China: Searching for a New Vision 418
The Relevance of Chinese Politics 422
The Chinese Revolution and Its Origins 424
The Evolution of Chinese Politics and Society 426
Reforming the Chinese Economy 429
China’s Political System 434
Conclusion: China’s Uncertain Future 447
15 The Politics of Developing Nations 459
The Meaning of Underdevelopment 460
Theories of Underdevelopment and Development 471
Sources of Political Conflict 475
Problems of Political Participation 478
Women in Third World Society and Politics 480
Third World Political Institutions 484
Conclusion: Recent Developments and Future Trends 490
16 Mexico: The Birth of Democracy 496
The Relevance of Mexican Politics 497
Mexico’s Formative Years and the Legacy of the Mexican Revolution
(1910–1920) 499
The Post-revolutionary Order 501
The Making of a Modern Economy 502
The Struggle for Political Development 506
Conclusion: A Developing Democracy 523
V I R 531
NTERNATIONAL ELATIONS
17 Approaches to International Relations 533
International Relations versus Domestic Politics 534
Idealists and Realists 535
War and International Relations 540
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CONTENTS ✵ vii
The Politics of Nuclear Weapons 544
Foreign Policy Decision Making 547
International Political Economy 550
International Law and Organization 554
Ethics and International Relations 560
Conclusion: War, Trade, Foreign Policy, and the Stakes
of International Politics 560
18 A Changing World Order 565
From the End of the Cold War to the Beginnings of an Uncertain Future 566
Policing Trouble Spots: A New World Order or a World without Order? 568
The Changing Nature of the International Arms Race 571
Current Trends in World Trade: Economic Unification and Beyond 574
North–South Relations 579
Protecting the Environment 586
Human Rights 588
Women’s Rights 592
International Terrorism 594
Conclusion: The Changing Face of International Relations 595
VI E 599
PILOGUE
19 Future Challenges and Developments 601
Climate Change and Public Policy Responses 602
Resource Conservation 604
Serving the Elderly: Health Care and Retirement Pensions 605
Immigration Policy in Developed Nations 606
Russia and the West: A New Cold War? 608
The Asian Century 611
Conclusion 614
Glossary 617
Index 631
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P
REFACE
W
e designed the fifth edition of Politics in a Changing World to provide a foun-
dation for understanding political life and the increasingly diverse field of
political science.
Although we hope the book will be helpful for those who become political sci-
ence majors, its primary purpose is to introduce students from a wide range of fields
to the discipline. Citizens in every walk of life—not only politicians, government offi-
cials, and political analysts—need to understand the consequences of political choices
and the processes through which those choices are made.
T C W
HE HANGING ORLD IN THE
T -F C
WENTY IRST ENTURY
Revising a political science textbook through five editions is a wonderfully compelling
way to confront the reality of political change. When we wrote the first edition, the
United States had never experienced a significant terrorist attack, an elected president
had never been impeached, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) still controlled
Mexico, Saddam Hussein had a firm grip on power in Iraq, ethnic conflicts in south-
ern and eastern Europe were only beginning, the “Euro” was still in the planning stage,
per capita income in China was less than a quarter of what it is today, and the North
American Free Trade Agreement was just about to take effect. Political scientists were
only beginning to consider how international affairs would be changed by the end of
the Cold War, and there was widespread optimism that genuine democracy was dawn-
ing in Russia. No one expected the party controlling the U.S. White House to gain
seats in the House of Representatives in a midterm election. (That has now happened
twice, in 1998 and 2002!)
Although political scientists correctly predicted few of these changes and events,
the accumulated knowledge generated by the discipline helps us to make sense of them.
Studies of voting behavior, the causes of war, the process of political development, and
the impact of economics on politics help us understand what factors will be important as
government and international relations evolve in the years to come. The increasing im-
portance of international trade will figure in both foreign and domestic policy in nearly
all countries, and the protracted state of cultural and ethnic conflict—particularly con-
flict involving radical Islamic Fundamentalism—will influence many of the choices gov-
ernments and citizens will make. The spread of democracy throughout the world has
slowed, but the trend toward greater openness in both the political and the economic
spheres is firmly entrenched in many areas. Technological advances and the spread of
the Internet will shape a great deal of our lives, including commerce, our expectations of
privacy, and national security. Political science sheds light on all of these factors.
viii
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PREFACE ✵ ix
Politics in a Changing World focuses on the ways in which accumulated knowledge
in political science helps us account for the basic changes taking place in politics, and
it explores the ways in which those changes have forced political scientists to revise
their concepts, theories, and ideas.
P D N
OLITICS IN IFFERENT ATIONS
Beginning with the first edition of Politics in a Changing World, we have been guided
by the firm conviction that politics cannot be understood fully by considering only a
single country. Just as a biologist cannot hope to understand the basic elements of life
by studying one species, and just as a physicist cannot hope to understand the nature
of combustion by studying only one chemical compound, we cannot understand poli-
tics if we restrict ourselves to analysis of a single political system.
Thus, as in the previous editions, a key feature of the fifth edition of Politics in a
Changing World is its separate chapters on different countries—the United States, Great
Britain, Russia (and its predecessor, the Soviet Union), China, and Mexico—along
with a chapter on the special problems of developing nations. Although these chap-
ters are not intended even to summarize what is known about those governments,
they allow us to give meaningful contexts to our discussions of elections, parties, legis-
latures, chief executives, courts, and interest groups. They also provide useful histori-
cal grounding. For example, the story of Britain’s gradual development of democracy
is important if we are to understand its current party system, and we need to know
something about the Mexican Revolution to appreciate modern political problems
and changes in that country.
Most readers of Politics in a Changing World are students born in the United States,
and most of them have considerable knowledge about the U.S. system of govern-
ment. But we believe that even a limited understanding of one’s own political system
is enhanced by coming to understand government and politics in other countries.
Government in the United States is unique in many ways, and helping students to
appreciate its special nature is one of our objectives in designing this comparative
section of the book.
T P B
HE LAN OF THE OOK
When the discipline of political science reached its adolescence during the 1950s,
leading political science departments were hotly divided between those who ap-
proached their work with advanced statistical tools and quasi-experimental research
methods and those who used more traditional approaches. Over the years, that divi-
sion between “empiricist-quantifiers” and “traditionalists” was largely replaced by an
increasingly diverse array of distinct subfields. Some political scientists study institu-
tions, others study individual behavior, some study ideology, and still others apply
economic theories to politics. There is also a great division between those who study
government in many nations and those who emphasize a single nation or area. As dis-
cussed in Chapter 1, there is now something of a backlash against quantitative analysis
in the discipline, although statistics and mathematics continue to dominate political
science research methods.
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