Political Science An Introduction 12th Ed by Roskin

402 Pages·2011·6.95 MB·English

Political Science
An Introduction
Twelfth Edition
Michael G. Roskin
L C
YCOMING OLLEGE
Robert L. Cord
James A. Medeiros
Walter S. Jones
Longman
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Political science : an introduction/Michael G. Roskin . . . [et al.].—12th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-205-07594-2
1. Political science. I. Roskin, Michael
JA71.P623 2012
320—dc22
2010052277
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOC—14 13 12 11
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-07594-2
ISBN-10: 0-205-07594-0
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents v
Preface xiii
P I T B P 1
ART HE ASES OF OLITICS
Chapter 1 Politics and Political Science 2
Chapter 2 Theories 20
Chapter 3 Political Ideologies 38
Chapter 4 States 58
Chapter 5 Rights 78
Chapter 6 Regimes 96
P II P A 117
ART OLITICAL TTITUDES
Chapter 7 Political Culture 118
Chapter 8 Public Opinion 136
P III P I 155
ART OLITICAL NTERACTIONS
Chapter 9 Political Communication 156
Chapter 10 Interest Groups 176
Chapter 11 Parties 194
Chapter 12 Elections 212
iii
iv Brief Contents
P IV P I 231
ART OLITICAL NSTITUTIONS
Chapter 13 Legislatures 232
Chapter 14 Executives and Bureaucracies 252
Chapter 15 Judiciaries 274
P V W P S D 293
ART HAT OLITICAL YSTEMS O
Chapter 16 Political Economy 294
Chapter 17 Political Violence 314
Chapter 18 International Relations 334
Glossary 352
References 364
Photo Credits 376
Index 377
Detailed Contents
Preface xiii
P I T B P 1
ART HE ASES OF OLITICS
C 1 Politics and Political Science 2
HAPTER
The Master Science 4
■ KEY CONCEPTS: “Never Get Angry at a Fact” 5
Political Power 7
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Legitimacy, Sovereignty, and Authority 8
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The Subfields of Political Science 13
Is Politics a Science? 14
■ HOW TO . . .: Study a Chapter 14
■ CLASSIC WORKS: Concepts and Precepts 15
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Politics Versus Political Science 16
C 2 Theories 20
HAPTER
Classic Theories 23
■ CLASSIC WORKS: Not Just Europeans 24
Contemporary Theories 28
■ HOW TO . . .: Make Thesis Statements 30
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Models: Simplifying Reality 32
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Politics as a Game 35
v
vi Detailed Contents
C 3 Political Ideologies 38
HAPTER
What Is Ideology? 39
The Major Ideologies 40
■ CLASSIC WORKS: The Origins of Ideologies 41
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Classifying Ideologies 42
■ HOW TO . . .: Support Your Thesis 50
Ideology in Our Day 52
■ COMPARING: Islamism: A New Ideology with Old Roots 55
Is Ideology Finished? 56
C 4 States 58
HAPTER
Institutionalized Power 59
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Effective, Weak, and Failed States 60
■ CLASSIC WORKS: Aristotle’s Six Types of Government 61
Unitary or Federal Systems 63
■ COMPARING: The Shaky Lives of Confederations 66
Electoral Systems 69
■ COMPARING: French and German Variations 71
States and the Economy 72
■ HOW TO . . .: Use Sources 75
C 5 Rights 78
HAPTER
Constitutions in the Modern World 80
■ COMPARING: The Dangers of Changing
Constitutions 8 1
■ COMPARING: Canada’s New Constitution 83
The Adaptability of the U.S. Constitution 87
■ KEY CONCEPTS: What Is a Right? 87
■ HOW TO . . . : List References 91
C 6 Regimes 96
HAPTER
Representative Democracy 98
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The “Two-Turnover Test” 101
Detailed Contents vii
Democracy in Practice: Elitism or Pluralism? 104
Totalitarianism 107
■ HOW TO . . .: Write Tightly 108
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Image and Reality of Total Control 109
Authoritarianism 110
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Dahl’s “Influence Terms” 111
The Democratization of Authoritarian Regimes 112
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Why Democracies Fail 113
■ COMPARING: Democracy in Iraq? 114
P II P A 117
ART OLITICAL TTITUDES
C 7 Political Culture 118
HAPTER
What Is Political Culture? 119
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Civil Society 121
■ CLASSIC WORKS: The Civic Culture 122
The Decay of Political Culture 123
■ COMPARING: America the Religious 125
Political Subcultures 126
■ HOW TO . . .: Use Quotations 127
■ COMPARING: Quebec: “Maîtres Chez Nous” 130
Political Socialization 131
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Culture and Development 131
■ CLASSIC WORKS: The Authoritarian Personality 132
■ COMPARING: China Builds Unity 133
C 8 Public Opinion 136
HAPTER
■ KEY CONCEPTS: What Public Opinion Is—and Isn’t 138
The Shape of Public Opinion 139
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Classic Opinion Curves 144
Public Opinion Polls 145
■ KEY CONCEPTS: A Short History of Polling 146
■ HOW TO . . .: Identify and Use Variables 148
viii Detailed Contents
American Opinion 149
■ CLASSIC WORKS: Almond’s Three Publics 151
Is Polling Fair? 152
P III P I 155
ART OLITICAL NTERACTIONS
C 9 Political Communication 156
HAPTER
Communication in Politics 158
■ CLASSIC WORKS: The Two-Step Flow of Mass
Communications 158
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The Tendency to Media Monopoly 159
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The Elite Media 160
The Giant: Television 162
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The Web: The Newest Mass Medium? 163
■ HOW TO . . .: Define Variables 167
Are We Poorly Served? 168
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The Framing of News 169
The Adversaries: Media and Government 170
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The Media and Watergate 171
■ KEY CONCEPTS: The Media and War 172
C 10 Interest Groups 176
HAPTER
What Is an Interest Group? 177
■ KEY CONCEPTS: How Interest Groups Differ from Political
Parties 178
■ KEY CONCEPTS: How Government Creates Interest
Groups 179
■ KEY CONCEPTS: Countervailing Power 180
Effective Interest Groups 182
■ COMPARING: French Antipluralism 182
■ COMPARING: How Powerful Are U.S. Unions? 186
■ HOW TO . . .: Create Tables 189
Interest Groups: An Evaluation 190
■ CLASSIC WORKS: Olson’s Theory of Interest Groups 191