Table Of ContentPolitical Ideologies
Comprehensive and accessible, P olitical Ideologies follows the evolution of
political thought over 300 years. Organized chronologically, this text examines
each major ideology within a political, historical, economic, and social context.
Leon Baradat’s skillful prose is joined by John Phillips’ superb updating to
ensure that students obtain a clear understanding of how ideas influence the
political realities of our time. The twelfth edition of this beloved text empha-
sizes new developments in ideologically charged arenas including the Middle
East and Islam, gay marriage, feminism, climate change, and more.
Leon P. Baradat is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at MiraCosta College,
USA.
John A. Phillips is Professor of Political Science at MiraCosta College, USA.
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Political Ideologies
Their Origins and Impact
Twelfth Edition
BARADAT
LEON P.
MiraCosta College
PHILLIPS
JOHN A.
MiraCosta College
Twelfth edition published 2017
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Taylor & Francis
The right of Leon P. Baradat and John A. Phillips to be identifi ed as
author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Eighth edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2003
Ninth edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2006
Tenth edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2009
Eleventh edition published by Pearson Education, Inc. 2012, and
Routledge, 2017
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Baradat, Leon P., 1940-
Title: Political ideologies : their origins and impact/Leon P. Baradat,
MiraCosta College, John A. Phillips MiraCosta College.
Description: Twelfth edition. | New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. | Includes
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016005928 | ISBN 9781138650046 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781138650053 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315625539 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Ideology–History–Textbooks.
Classification: LCC JA83 .B248 2017 | DDC 320.509–dc23
LC record available at h ttp://lccn.loc.gov/2016005928
ISBN: 9781138650046 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781138650053 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781315625539 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Sunrise Setting Ltd, Brixham, UK
Leon Baradat
To Elaine,
wife, partner, and friend.
And to David H. Provost,
professor, mentor, friend.
Thank you for everything, Dave.
John Phillips
To my wife and children,
Lisa, Sophia, and Leo,
and my parents David and Carol;
for all their love and support.
BRIEF CONTENTS
Detailed Contents vii
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1 Ideology 1
CHAPTER 2 The Spectrum of Political Attitudes 14
CHAPTER 3 Nationalism 47
CHAPTER 4 The Evolution of Democratic Theory 68
CHAPTER 5 Liberal Democracy, Capitalism, and Beyond 87
CHAPTER 6 The Liberal Democratic Process 114
CHAPTER 7 Anarchism 141
CHAPTER 8 Socialist Theory 159
CHAPTER 9 Applied Socialism 193
CHAPTER 10 Fascism and National Socialism 236
CHAPTER 11 Ideologies in the Developing World 273
CHAPTER 12 Feminism and Environmentalism 305
Glossary 336
Index 349
vi
DETAILED CONTENTS
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1 IDEOLOGY 1
Preview 1
The Development of Ideology 1
The Source of Ideology 2
Ideology Defined 7
The Origin of the Term 8
Contemporary Definitions 9
Ideology and Philosophy 11
Questions for Discussion 13
Suggestions for Further Reading 13
CHAPTER 2 THE SPECTRUM OF POLITICAL ATTITUDES 14
Preview 14
Understanding the Spectrum 15
Change, or Policy Options 15
Radical 18
Liberal 20
Moderate 22
Conservative 23
Reactionary 30
Values, or Personal Philosophy 32
Motivation 37
The Changing Spectrum 38
Specific Policies 39
Foreign Policy 39
Domestic Policy 41
Questions for Discussion 45
Suggestions for Further Reading 45
vii
viii Detailed Contents
CHAPTER 3 NATIONALISM 47
Preview 47
The Importance of Nationalism 48
Nation and State 48
Theories of the Origin of the State 53
The History of Nationalism 58
The Theory of Nationalism 61
Questions for Discussion 67
Suggestions for Further Reading 67
CHAPTER 4 THE EVOLUTION OF DEMOCRATIC THEORY 68
Preview 68
The Meaning of Democracy 69
The Early History of Democracy 71
The Social Contract 72
Later Social Contract Philosophers 72
Thomas Hobbes 73
John Locke 75
Jean Jacques Rousseau 82
Questions for Discussion 85
Suggestions for Further Reading 86
CHAPTER 5 LIBERAL DEMOCRACY, CAPITALISM, AND
BEYOND 87
Preview 87
Capitalism 87
Capitalism after Smith 89
Neoclassical Liberal Democratic Theory 90
Edmund Burke 90
James Madison 93
Jefferson’s Alternative 98
America’s Capitalism and the Future of Our Democracy 99
Detailed Contents ix
The Emergence of Democratic Socialism 106
Utilitarianism and Positivist Law 106
Democratic Socialism 108
Questions for Discussion 113
Suggestions for Further Reading 113
CHAPTER 6 THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PROCESS 114
Preview 114
Processes of Democracy 115
Democracy and the Legislative Process 115
Elite Theorism 120
Systems of Government 123
The American System 123
The British System 126
Elections 131
Electoral Districts 131
Political Party Structures 134
Representation 137
Theories of Representation 138
Some Criticisms of Democracy 139
Questions for Discussion 140
Suggestions for Further Reading 140
CHAPTER 7 ANARCHISM 141
Preview 141
Development of Anarchism 141
Definition of Anarchism 142
Particular Theories of Anarchism 146
The Pacifists 146
The Revolutionaries 150
Individualist Anarchists 154
Anarchistic Tendencies in the American Political Character 156
