Polish Journal of Agronomy

82 Pages·2011·2.55 MB·English

by  Alina Bochniarz

ISSN 0552-9778
ISSN 2081–27871
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation
National Research Institute
No. 2
July 2010
Polish
Journal
of Agronomy
formerly
PAMIĘTNIK PUŁAWSKI
Puławy, POLAND
2 Polish Journal of Agronomy, No. 2, 2010
Polish Journal of Agronomy
(formerly Pamiętnik Puławski)
Polish Journal of Agronomy is a new nationwide English-language scientifi c journal. It is launched
by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – National Research Institute. The new journal
is a continuation of the former Pamiętnik Puławski. Its scope will cover topics connected to broad-
sense crop production and agriculture-related environmental issues. The peer-reviewed journal will
publish original research papers and invited review articles.
Published by Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – National Research Institute in Puławy, Poland
Director: Seweryn Kukuła
Editor-in-Chief
Apoloniusz Berbeć – Institute of Soil Science and Plant No. 2 July 2010
Cultivation – National Research Institute in Puławy, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]
CONTENTS
Associate Editors
The maturation rate of the generative stage of Leptospha-
Anthony Dexter – Great Britain
eria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa in cen-
Antoni Faber – Poland tral and eastern Poland – A. Dawidziuk, A. Podleśna,
J. Kaczmarek, M. Jędryczka ................................................3
Editorial Board The assessment of grain quality of maize cultivars depen-
ding on the way and term of herbicides application
Edward Arseniuk – Poland
– H. Gołębiowska, H. Rola .................................................11
Kazimierz Banasik – Poland
Assessment of the effect of sulphur supplied to the soil
Stanisław Berbeć – Poland with mineral fertilizers and waste from magnesium
Zenonas Dabkevičius – Lithuania sulphate production on its content in spring wheat
Mariusz Fotyma – Poland (Triticum aestivum L.) and in soil effl uents – K. Gon-
Józef Horabik – Poland dek, M. Kopeć ...................................................................18
Jean Roger Estrade – France Cost evaluation of the application of the differentiated
nitrogen doses on winter wheat fi eld – Z. Jarosz,
Andrzej Kędziora – Poland
J. Igras, R. Pudełko, K. Kubsik ..........................................27
Jan Kucharski – Poland
The effect of Atonik AL application on growth and deve-
Jean-Francois Ledent – Belgium
lopment of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) de-
Jan Lipavský – Czech Republic
pending on age of plant – A. Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz ..........30
Jan Łabętowicz – Poland Assessment of maize yields as affected by seedbed prepa-
Barbara Maliszewska-Kordybach – Poland ration method – J. Księżak .................................................33
Marcello Pagliai – Italy Microbial and enzymatic characteristics of soils under
Stefan Pruszyński – Poland pasture mixtures – S. Martyniuk, J. Oroń, J. Harasim ........41
Tomasz Stuczyński – Poland The estimation of water demands of a determinate and
traditional cultivars of Vicia faba – J. Podleśny,
Christos Tsadilas – Greece
A. Podleśna .........................................................................44
Diversity in symbiotic specifi city of bacterial strains no-
dulating lupins in Poland – K. Pudełko, J. Żarnicka ..........50
Technical Editor Yielding of Festulolium braunii/Trifolium pratense mix-
ture, depending on the proportion of mixture compo-
Alina Bochniarz – e-mail: [email protected]
nents – M. Staniak ..............................................................57
Variation in micronutrients concentration in lupine, pea
and maize during the vegetation period on sandy soils
– E. Stanisławska-Glubiak, J. Korzeniowska .....................64
Agricultural and forest biomass as feedstock in the ma-
Copyright © by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation nufacture of solid biofuels – M. Stolarski, Ł. Graban,
National Research Institute in Puławy, Poland S. Szczukowski, J. Tworkowski ........................................67
Response of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) to pro-
tection intensity – G. Szumiło, L. Rachoń ..........................73
Printed in Department of Extension and Information The evaluation of grain and fl our quality of spring durum
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – National Research Institute wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) – G. Szumiło, L. Ra-
Puławy, Poland choń, S. Stankowski ............................................................78
3
Polish Journal of Agronomy
2010, 2, 3–10
The maturation rate of the generative stage of Leptosphaeria maculans
and Leptosphaeria biglobosa in central and eastern Poland
1Adam Dawidziuk, 2Anna Podleśna, 1Joanna Kaczmarek, 1Małgorzata Jędryczka
1Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
2Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – National Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
Abstract. Two pathogens from the genus Leptosphaeria: Lepto- INTRODUCTION
sphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa are the cause of
stem canker – a damaging disease of oilseed rape in Poland. The Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is currently one of
fungi belong to Ascomycetes, with both sexual and vegetative
the fastest expanding crops worldwide. According to the
stages in their life cycle. The fruiting bodies of the teleomorph,
prognosis of OPEC, in 2008/2009 the world production of
called pseudothecia produce ascospores, which are the primary
this crop will increase by ca. 9% and it shall soon reach
inoculum infecting young plants. The formation of pseudothecia
53 M tons (World Oil Outlook, 2007). European Union is
takes place on infected stubble from a previous season’s crop.
Conducive weather conditions lead to ascospore release and de- at present the biggest producer of oilseed rape seeds and
velopment of disease symptoms. The main goal of the experi- oil. In the season 2007/2008 it produced 18.2 Mt, which
ments was to evaluate the uniformity of pseudothecia maturation constituted 37.8% of the overall production of rapeseed.
rate within and between the climatic regions as well as the re- Such great increase of oilseed rape production and its com-
lation between the development of pseudothecia and ascospore mon use in crop rotation brings the necessity to introduce
release of L. maculans and L. biglobosa. The study was done for
new agronomic systems and to solve numerous problems
three years (2005–2007) at 7 experiment sites located in three
connected with crop protection against different pests,
climatic regions of central and eastern Poland, with Puławy lo-
including weeds, insects and plant pathogens. The most
cated centrally on a borderline between these regions. The matu-
damaging pathogens of oilseed rape are fungi, with differ-
ration of pseudothecia was based on the morphology of asci and
ascospores. The monitoring of ascospore density in the air was ent importance of various species depending on the area of
done using a seven-day volumetric spore trap. We have found that the world. From among 2.5 million farms in Poland about
at early maturation stages the differences in pseudothecia matu- 278 thousands are situated in Lublin voivodship. The acre-
ration were small and did not exceed 2 weeks, but at advanced age and yield of oilseed rape in this region in 2006 were
maturation stages the highest differences exceeded a month. The respectively 28.6 thousands hectares and 66 thousand tons
temperature profi les in studied locations were highly correlated,
(Dmochowska, 2007).
but the correlations between the rainfall data were sometimes
The increasing profi tability of oilseed rape in agricul-
very low or non existent. The differences in pseudothecial matu-
tural production implies constant search of methods allow-
ration were mainly associated with the quantity of precipitation
ing to increase plant yield and quality. One of the most
both before and during the maturation process. Ascospore re-
lease greatly depended on the rate of pseudothecial maturation of important conditions of high yield is the protection against
L. maculans and L. biglobosa. fungal diseases. The most damaging disease of oilseed
rape is stem canker of brassicas caused by the species
key words: Leptosphaeria maculans, Leptosphaeria biglobosa, Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa. Serious crop
stem canker, pseudothecial maturation, ascospore release, volu- losses were reported in Europe (Fitt et al., 1997; Allard
metric spore trap
et al., 2002; West, 2001, 2004; Jędryczka, 2007), Canada
(Gugel, Petrie, 1992) and Australia (Salisbury et al., 1995;
Khangura, Barbetti, 2001).
Corresponding author: Leptosphaeria is an ascomycete with both sexual and
Adam Dawidziuk vegetative stages in its life cycle. The fungus produces
e-mail: [email protected]
fruiting bodies of the teleomorph (pseudothecia) which
tel. [phone]
contain ascospores. In Poland, ascospores are the prima-
ry inoculum, which infects young rapeseed plants in the
Received 27 May 2010
4 Polish Journal of Agronomy, No. 2, 2010
autumn (Kaczmarek et al., 2006). The formation of pseu- (N 52°16’77.89’’, E 22°27’29.32’’); Region 3) Bezek
dothecia takes place on infected stubble from a previous (N 51°19’60.37’’, E 23°16’48.65’’), Leśniowice (N 50°98’
season’s crop (Petrie, 1994, 1995). Pseudothecium must 37.30’’, E 23°49’30.36’’), with Puławy (N 51° 42’75.47’’,
reach a complete maturity to produce and release fully E 21° 95’40.41’’) located in the middle of the three regions,
developed eight ascospores, each consisting of six cells. exactly on a borderline. The highest distance between
Released ascospores can be transferred by wind to several Puławy and the experiment site (Masłowice) was 240 km
kilometres and infect plants far away from the source of westwards and Leśniowice located 115 km eastwards of
disease. The maturation rate of pseudothecia and subse- Puławy. The highest distance to the north was the town of
quent spore release depend on weather conditions, prin- Siedlce, located 85 km from Puławy (Figure 1).
cipally wetness (rain or dew) and temperature (Salam et
al., 2003; Toscano-Underwood et al., 2003; Huang et al., Assessment of Leptosphaeria maculans
2005). Conducive weather conditions in summer and au- and Leptosphaeria biglobosa pseudothecia maturation
tumn lead to ascospore release and development of disease The percent of L. maculans and L. biglobosa pseu-
symptoms. Severity of the disease and symptoms of infec- dothecia maturation was assessed on base of asci devel-
tion highly depend on date of infection and growth rate of opment stage and presence of ascospores. From fi ve ran-
the fungus inside plant tissues. domly chosen parts of infected oilseed rape stubble from
The aim of this study was to evaluate differences be- the previous season’s crop 10 fruiting bodies were isolated
tween pseudothecia maturation rates within and between and microscope slides were prepared. Test samples were
the climatic regions of central and eastern Poland. We have collected every seven days from 1 September until 30 No-
also studied the relation between the development of pseu- vember. The choice of this sampling period was selected
dothecia and ascospore release of L. maculans and L. bi- on a base of previous results on pseudothecia maturation
globosa at the same experiment site. and ascospore release of L. maculans and L. biglobosa
in the other regions of Poland. Pseudothecia maturation
MATERIALS AND METHODS stages were classifi ed to one of fi ve categories (Toscano-
Underwood et al., 2003):
Location of experiment sites • class A: pseudothecia without asci;
The area of study was composed of three climatic • class B: pseudothecia with asci, but without as-
zones located in central and eastern Poland, as proposed cospores;
by Wiszniewski and Chełchowski (1987): Region 1) Lub- • class C: pseudothecia with asci, ascospores with 3–4 cells;
lin and Zamość; Region 2) Mazovia Plain, and Region 3) • class D: pseudothecia with asci, ascospores fully devel-
Łódź-Masłowice Highland (Fig. 1). The samples of oilseed oped;
rape stubble originated from 7 experiment sites located in: • class E: pseudothecia with empty asci.
Region 1) Kościerzyn (N 51°62’36.23’’, E 18°64’61.60’’),
Masłowice (N 51°22’19.31’’, E 18°56’57.88’’), Radom Ascospore sampling
(N 51°39’92.35’’, E 21°15’13.48’’); Region 2) Siedlce The L. maculans – L. biglobosa ascospore sampling
was done at the same autumn period as the sampling of
pseudothecia from oilseed rape stubble. The monitoring of
1) Puławy
ascospore concentration in the air was done using a Hirst
2) Kościerzyn
type seven-day volumetric spore sampler (Burkard Manu-
3) Masłowice Mazovia Plain
4) Radom facturing Co., Rickmansworth, UK). The trap was located
5) Siedlce at the grounds of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant
6) Bezek
Cultivation – National Research Institute in Puławy. The
7) Leśniowice
5 spore trap was surrounded by oilseed rape stubble infected
Łódź-Wieluń Highland with stem canker. The stubble was collected in the previous
season at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Grabów
2 and the Experimental Station in Osiny. The spore sampler
was operated according to the instructions of Lacey and
4
West (2006). The Melinex tape from the spore trap was cut
6
3
into 7 pieces, each 48 mm long. Each piece was mounted
7
onto a microscope slide, stained with 0.1% (w/v) trypan
blue in lactophenol and examined with a light microscope
under 400x magnifi cation (Zeiss Axiostar, Germany). The
Lublin and Zamość region numbers of spores were re-calculated to daily ascospore
Fig. 1. Geographical location of experiment sites numbers per 1 m3 of air.
A. Dawidziuk et al. – Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa maturation rate 5
Table 1. Rainfall data at seven experiment sites and the correlation coeffi cients of mean daily rainfall in Puławy and the other experi-
ment sites in July–November, 2005–2007.
Experiment site
Year Month
Puławy Radom Siedlce Leśniowice Bezek Masłowice Kościerzyn
Mean daily rainfall (mm)
July 4.8 5.3 1.5 2.5 2.5 n.d. n.d.
August 4.4 2.2 2.1 9.7 9.7 n.d. n.d.
2005 September 6.6 1.9 1.3 5.4 5.4 n.d. n.d.
October 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.9 n.d. n.d.
November 2.0 1.3 3.6 1.2 1.2 n.d. n.d.
July 4.7 2.3 2.2 5.2 5.2 4.1 5.8
August 10.9 6.9 6.4 12.7 12.7 3.8 3.8
2006 September 3.3 4.9 2.6 1.7 1.7 4.5 2.1
October 3.8 3.6 2.3 1.7 1.7 5.3 4.1
November 2.9 2.3 8.6 2.2 2.2 3.6 4.3
July 4.7 2.6 1.7 5.2 2.4 2.9 2.9
August 12.0 2.6 1.2 12.7 1.6 1.9 1.9
2007 September 4.3 4.3 2.7 1.7 3.2 2.7 2.7
October 3.5 0.9 1.9 1.7 2.6 3.6 3.6
November 2.9 1.8 2.5 2.2 7.2 7.1 7.1
Number of rainy days
July 14 13 17 10 10 n.d. n.d.
August 9 12 16 9 9 n.d. n.d.
2005 September 5 10 12 4 4 n.d. n.d.
October 5 11 15 7 7 n.d. n.d.
November 14 16 20 14 14 n.d. n.d.
July 4 5 6 5 5 4 12
August 21 20 31 19 19 22 27
2006 September 3 7 19 4 4 5 25
October 9 11 20 8 8 8 29
November 12 14 22 13 13 14 29
July 5 21 20 6 26 28 31
August 20 11 12 19 24 23 27
2007 September 4 15 13 4 27 26 26
October 10 14 12 8 29 31 31
November 13 18 16 13 23 27 27
Correlation coeffi cients between rainfall in Puławy and the other experiment sites
July 1.000 0.290 0.260 0.040 0.040 n.d. n.d.
August 1.000 0.740 0.430 0.790 0.790 n.d. n.d.
2005 September 1.000 -1.000 0.400 0.500 0.500 n.d. n.d.
October 1.000 0.400 0.400 0.800 0.800 n.d. n.d.
November 1.000 0.090 0.090 -0.870 -0.870 n.d. n.d.
July 1.000 0.400 0.500 -0.400 -0.400 -0.400 -0.400
August 1.000 0.060 0.050 0.550 0.550 0.280 -0.440
2006 September 1.000 0.400 0.500 0.500 0.500 -0.400 -0.400
October 1.000 0.400 -0.400 0.740 0.740 0.890 0.700
November 1.000 0.590 0.280 0.720 0.720 0.710 0.390
July 1.000 -0.400 -0.500 0.400 0.280 -0.740 -0.740
August 1.000 0.440 -0.060 0.550 0.550 -0.010 -0.010
2007 September 1.000 0.500 -0.500 0.400 0.280 0.500 0.500
October 1.000 -0.300 0.500 0.740 0.740 -0.140 -0.140
November 1.000 0.360 0.180 0.720 0.720 -0.070 -0.070
n.d. – no data
All correlation coeffi cients are signifi cant at P < 0.05
6 Polish Journal of Agronomy, No. 2, 2010
Meteorological analysis
100
The rainfall (mm) and temperature (oC) data were gath- 90 a
esodirfate teadas . maTfrtho eKetme omo ś1reco ailJenour gzdlyiyics natu alna nsntcitdlea t3Mbio0enat wsN łdeooeewvpneri cmievexbe pidener r ,ui2 mse0 x0efcrn5oet,p mpwto hetihnexertp e ae rnrfaiadimin lmfueanrele-tl mature pseudotheciamaturepseudothecia4567800000
ttteihooenr o tcelomoegpfifiec racali tesuntrate twi oaanns dw ubassee td1w 3teo ke inclao tlmhceue ltarraeteisn .r fSealplale taiaort mnasalhln ipenxs’s pb ceeortirwmreeeleann-t percent of percentof123000
sites, with P<0.05. To check normality of used data Shapiro- 0
Wilk test was used. All calculations were performed with the 05.09 12.09 19.09 23.09 03.10 10.10 17.10 24.10 31.10 07.11 14.11 21.11 28.11
use of STATISTICA version 7.0 (Hill, Lewicki, 2007)
RESULTS
100
b
The fully mature pseudothecia of L. maculans and 90
Lw.h boilgel omboonsait owreinreg opbesreiorvde. dA at t tahlel eexaprleierismt ethnet ys iotecsc ouvrreerd t hine udotheciaudothecia 7800
2007, when pseudothecia belonging to class D were found psepse 60
already at the fi rst sampling on 5 September (Fig. 2c). In maturemature 4500
2(cFi0ai0 g6w. 2athbse ). f soTauhmnede l apitnhe esttnh opemr oaedunutuocmnti onwn a 2os0 f0o f5bu,sl elwyrv hmeedan t oucnrleea spwss eeDuek dp olstaehtuee-r- percentofpercent of 2300
10
dothecia were not observed before the third week of study,
0
i.e. the second half of September (Fig. 2a). In most cases
a rapid increase of maturation took place, but in general it 05.09 12.09 19.09 26.09 03.10 10.10 17.10 24.10 31.10 07.11 11.11 21.11 28.11
coincided with the beginning of maturation; the earlier it
was observed, the earlier increase of class D pseudothecia
was found. The maturation pattern was similar for the most 100
c
of experiment sites, although each location experienced the 90
tfmhoeau tndudar atiatni o ftonhu ern ardet emf osarpi nPeicuniłgfia wce xyfpo gerr retihmaetle ynp tdl asicfifteee.s re I(ndF if2gr0o. 0m25a btah)ne, d wr eh2se0ur0let6s- pseudotheciapseudothecia 678000
as in 2007 this phenomenon was reversed and class D ure ure 50
pbseersu d(Fotihge. c2ica) .i nT Phiusł acwoiyn cwideered fwouitnhd t heea rmlye aannd d ianil yb igra ninufmal-l nt of matntofmat 3400
and the number of rainy days; in 2005 this parameter was perceperce 20
10
3.7 mm of rain per day and there were 47 rainy days in total
0
from July to November. In 2006 these values were 5.1 mm
and 49 days respectively, but in 2007 the rainfall param- 05.09 12.09 19.09 26.09 03.10 10.10 17.10 24.10 31.10 07.11 11.11 21.11 28.11
eters were the highest, with 5.5 mm of mean rainfall per Masłowice Leśniowice Bezek Puławy Siedlce Radom Kościerzyn
day and as many as 52 rainy days (Table 1). The mean data
for the fi rst two months of the study were comparable – the Fig. 2. The percent of mature pseudothecia of L. maculans
lowest in 2005 (4.6 mm, 23 days), higher in 2006 (7.8 mm, and L. biglobosa on the stubble of oilseed rape at seven ex-
25 days) and the highest in 2007 (8.4 mm and 25 days). periment sites in central and east Poland in: a) 2005, b) 2006,
The experiment site in Puławy, although located cen- c) 2007.
trally to the remaining sampling sites (Fig. 1) showed dif-
ferent rate of L. maculans and L. biglobosa pseudothecia cases the correlation coeffi cients between the temperature
maturation process. In the fi rst two years of this study most profi les of Puławy and of the other experiment sites were
class D pseudothecia developed later (Fig. 3ab) and in very high, they ranged from 0.728 to 0.984 (Table 2). It is
2007 they matured one to four weeks later at most experi- however possible that subtle differences of daily rainfall
ment sites and thresholds. Moreover, the sampling place and temperatures could affect the maturation process of
located in Leśniowice, namely ca. 115 km south-eastwards generative stage fruiting bodies.
from Puławy (Fig. 1) was the place of the most similar data The differences between autumn periods were most
in 2005 and 2006, and greatly different from 2007. In all clearly visible for the L. maculans and L. biglobosa as-
A. Dawidziuk et al. – Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa maturation rate 7
Table 2. The correlation coeffi cients of temperature profi les between Puławy and six experiment sites located in central and east Poland
(July–November, 2005–2007).
Experiment site
Year Month
Leśniowice Radom Siedlce Masłowice Kościerzyn Bezek
July 0.864 0.743 0.784 0.868 0.868 0.864
August 0.920 0.845 0.814 0.784 0.784 0.920
2005 September 0.967 0.894 0.931 0.905 0.905 0.967
October 0.982 0.811 0.877 0.915 0.915 0.982
November 0.966 0.893 0.886 0.825 0.825 0.966
July 0.948 0.795 0.775 0.780 0.870 0.948
August 0.957 0.841 0.728 0.756 0.881 0.957
2006 September 0.924 0.831 0.887 0.875 0.809 0.924
October 0.984 0.748 0.757 0.829 0.934 0.984
November 0.938 0.732 0.731 0.759 0.747 0.938
July 0.957 0.841 0.870 0.756 0.881 0.957
August 0.841 0.881 0.881 0.957 0.957 0.957
2007 September 0.984 0.748 0.809 0.829 0.934 0.984
October 0.748 0.934 0.934 0.984 0.984 0.984
November 0.773 0.747 0.747 0.938 0.938 0.938
All correlation coeffi cients are signifi cant at P < 0.05
a b ................. LeśniowLiceeśniowice
................. LLeeśnśinoiwoiwceice ............ KościerzKynościerzyn
MMasałsołwoiwcei,ce Bezek Bezek
SSieideldclece
........................ MasłoRRwaaiddcooemm
KKooścśiceriezyrznyn Masłowice
........................ BBeezzeekk
BBezeezkek Radom Radom
................. ............
RRaaddomom Siedlce SiedKKlcooeśścciieerrzzyynn
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 MMaassłłoowwiiccee
Nnuummbbeerr ooff wweeekesks Numbneurm obfe rwoefe wkseeks
SSiieeddllccee
c
LLeeśśnniioowwiiccee
RRRaaadddooommm
................... --11 00 11 22 33 44
BBBeeezzzeekkek nnuummbbeerrooff wweeeekkss
.
...................................... FFFiiirrrsssttt dddeeettteeeccctttiiiooonnn 111000%%% ccclllaaassssss DDD 222555%%% ccclllaaassssss DDD
KKKoośśoccśiiceerriezzyyrznnyn 555000%%% c cclallaassssss DDD 777555%%% ccclllaaassssss DDD 999000%%% ccclllaaassssss DDD
...................
MMMaaassłłsoołwwowiicceeice
...................
SSSiieeiddelldccleece
.........................................................
LLeeśśnniioowwiiccee
Leśniowice
--11 00 11 22 33 44
Nnnuuummmbbbeeerrr ooofff wwweeeeeekkksss
FFiirrsstt ddeetteeccttiioonn 1100%% ccllaassss DD 2255%% ccllaassss DD
Fig. 3. T55h00e%% dcclliaafssfsse DDrence in77 55m%%a cctullaarssass tDDion ra99t00e%% o ccfll aacssssl aDDss D pseudothecia between Puławy and the remaining experiment sites of study
in autumn: a) 2005, b) 2006, c) 2007.
8 Polish Journal of Agronomy, No. 2, 2010
3m 23m 2 a experiment site in 2005; the failure of the weather station
3concentration of ascospores per mconcentrationofascospores1/3ncentrationofascospores1/m01concentrationofascospores1/1209011.0909 8.0909 5.0909 2.0909 9.0910 6.1010 3.1010 0.10107.10113.11110.11117.11114.11 cctdP ryaiuedncał alkDtnemwesoer yett ia n nmhait llasdela.dodi nfT w tfadhheg areeueet msalano stteawc ocnbo eltosci smpuaDtt otlhna cIrrLutSueoi.mcCls ua m ogUbrteeafheS gcr ttSshiuhoo eIleopnOa fstsnr itN remusaas dliuialnizonleyatwddst d.i soLtaLpon.y ee bsicśm.oiingefip lsoor fwfobuovoinrcesmge ais ctpalieinrdfmidee-
co 001. 008. 015. 122. 229. 206. 013. 120. 227.203.010.117.124.2 mary inoculum infecting young plants of numerous Brassi-
09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 ca crops, including oilseed rape. The formation of pseu-
1. 8. 5. 2. 9. 6. 3. 0. 7. 3. 0. 7. 4.
3m 20 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 dothecia takes place on infected stubble from a previous
3concentrationofascospores1/m3concentrationofascospores1/m3concentration of ascospores per m012012concentrationofascospores1/01.0901 01.0908.09 08.0915.09 15.0922.09 22.0929.09 29.0906.10 06.1013.10 13.1020.10 20.1027.10 27.1003.11 03.1110.1110.1117.1117.11b24.1124.11 aqmcwisae nenartue eacaudaea trsslS numeto.Leht,uarn a.aes2fii ’ittanrebs0nai ssf oic0blctge yno 5lrcplme ono;tps oipdbaKeorwf itoou(n tuaeiPsddLscroaaueo az.nto, ttctmh srihmfleoie, eeaed hnareacr, o c.deai1ogcauskin9fo.nt l d a9enhgtmp htn5di dl geatsa)aiio th.t snlf iu .apeIort,arns unrensa2 . idrc tsot0tseIi oiuo0ennmLisrdn6tngp .ep h) oni.beb(ens rsTroumie iagdottm thyilrisusoeee mcrpbols aeeah eofn oau ewrsopfs tra ue-iesaLt U em hn.adau nidsnmennddc pd oaoea(5e Htcrssu–nhwuput2udeulobo0ac amrsoonioneeaCdngnss-l
9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1. 8. 5. 2. 9. 6. 3. 0. 7. 3. 0. 7. 4. et al., 2003). In susceptible plants the infections cause leaf
0 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2
spots. The fungus spreads from a leaf via a petiole to a stem
(Hammond et al., 1985). The intensity of symptoms and
severity of the disease depend on the date of infection and
3 200 fungal growth rate in tissues of the host-plant, related to air
3mm180 c
3ntrationofascospores1/m3onofascospores1/m111112concentration of ascospores per 024680468111112concentrationofascospores1/00000000080246800000000111124680246000000000 erstfwt aeaetraiemntrneetr iT eepnsps dehttast i rerctrmabaot at etneouliotlxsgnrwyftepl i iyet cPe(soe arHiorndiglilmlu ennaytpangiee finsed nm ingcs tgispad stne nheeetiprtsod fi aa e.w c tlcroEu.afoe,nonr vdr2e rtre 0. mea ntp0lI h eartc3a todtrih)tifiso o.e pipln t nehspl s oeeic tnuwroohegdreeef iof osgsfittcr ihe ecneaae inarscpettcoinoirahnnats isgl.tvm u eHawflaadrnitoet gduermvh rdeaae lttdaaouihnosibeaftdns---t
conceentrati2004600 3.09 08.09 15.09 22.09 29.09 06.10 13.10 20.10 27.10 03.11 10.11 17.11 24.11 –fa wctiothr irne sapno onpstiibmlea lf oterm ppseeuradtoutrhee rcainag me a–t urariantifoanll iasn tdh es umbasein-
c 209 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
n 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
coFig03.. 408.. Th15.e co22.ncen29.trati06.on o13.f L.20. mac27.ulan03.s an10.d L17.. big24.lobosa quent ascospore showers. In all three years of this study the
09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 weather conditions were suitable to complete the matura-
asco3.spo8.res in5. Puł2.awy9. in: a6.) 203.05, b0.) 2007.6, c3.) 2000.7 7. 4.
0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 tion process of L. maculans and L. biglobosa. In most situ-
ations the pseudothecia of class D were observed in Sep-
tember. A rapid increase of fully matured pseudothecia was
cospore density numbers. In 2005 and 2006 the daily con- observed soon after their fi rst detection.
centrations of ascospores in the air was below 1, and in The release of ascospores from pseudothecia is humid-
2007 the peak ascospore day was ca. 160 ascospores per ity and rainfall dependent (Huang et al., 2007; Oliveira et
1 m3 (Fig. 4a-c). al., 2009). In this study, the amount of rainfall was doubled
In contrast to small differences of the temperatures and in 2006 and tripled in 2007, as compared to 2005. High
great similarities in temperature profi les (Table 2), great rainfall coincided with the high number of L. maculans and
differences were observed in summary precipitation noted L. biglobosa ascospores. This phenomenon was mainly ob-
at different locations (Table 1). The lowest number of rainy served in 2007 when much higher rainfall triggered abun-
days in the studied period was 44 days, found in Leśniowice dant maturation of class D pseudothecia, followed by high
and Bezek in 2005. The highest summary number of rainy concentrations of the ascospores, greatly outnumbering
days was noted in Kościerzyn, both in 2006 (122 days) and the negligible amounts of fungal spores in air samples, ob-
2007 (142 days). The data cannot be compared to the same served in 2005 and 2006. The results of this study confi rm
A. Dawidziuk et al. – Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa maturation rate 9
the fi nding of Toscano-Underwood et al. (2003), that an Gugel R.K., Petrie G.A., 1992. History, occurrence, impact and
infl uence of wetness is more crucial than temperature. control of blackleg of rapeseed. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 14:
Nevertheless, simple dependency of pseudothecia mat- 36-45.
Hammond K.E., Lewis B.G., Musa T.M., 1985. A systemic
uration and ascospore release on rainfall was not always
pathway in the infection of oilseed rape plants by Lepto-
found. In some cases the weather conditions were simi-
sphaeria maculans. Plant Pathol., 34: 557-565.
lar between years or locations, but the pseudothecia and
Hill T., Lewicki P., 2007. STATISTICS Methods and Applica-
spore numbers were different. The complicated nature of
tions. StatSoft, Tulsa, http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/
the Leptosphaeria spp. fungi life cycles and conditions for stathome.html.
their growth and development, leading to plant infections Huang Y.J., Toscano-Underwood C., Fitt B.D.L., Hu X.J.,
were also demonstrated by Thürwächter et al. (1999). The Hall A.M., 2003. Effects of temperature on ascospore ger-
authors studied the relations between ascospore discharge, mination and penetration of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
oilseed rape plant infestation and pathogenicity of fungal leaves by A-group or B-group Leptosphaeria maculans (pho-
ma stem canker). Plant Pathol., 52: 245-255.
strains trying to relate the impact of L. maculans and the
Huang Y.J., Fitt B.D.L., Jedryczka M., West J.S., Gladders P.,
healthiness, as well as the yield of oilseed rape. The rela-
Steed J.M., Li Z.Q., 2005. Patterns of ascospore release
tions between these characters were not straightforward,
in relation to phoma stem canker epidemiology in England
but they could be mathematically modelled (Salam et al.,
(Leptosphaeria maculans) and Poland (Leptosphaeria biglo-
2007) and subsequently – used to support decisions on bosa). Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 111: 253-77.
chemical protection of agricultural crops against stem can- Huang Y.J., Liu Z., West J.S., Todd A.D., Hall A.M.,
ker of oilseed rape (Jędryczka et al., 2008). Fitt B.D.L., 2007. Effects of temperature and rainfall on date
Based on the results of this study it can be concluded, of release of ascospores of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma
that weather data observed at different experiment sites stem canker) from winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) de-
bris in the UK. Ann. Appl. Biol., 151: 99-111.
and years had a strong, positive effect on L. maculans and
Jędryczka M., 2007. Epidemiology and damage caused by stem
L. biglobosa maturation process. We have proved that each
canker of oilseed rape in Poland. Phytopathol. Pol., 45: 73-75.
vegetative season differed in pseudothecia maturation rate
Jędryczka M., Kaczmarek J., Dawidziuk A., Brachaczek A.,
and intensity as well as timing of ascospore release. As
2008. System for Forecasting Disease Epidemics - Aero-
a consequence, a fi xed term of fungicide treatment against biological methods in Polish agriculture. Asp. Appl. Biol.,
stem canker of crucifers is not justifi ed. 89: 65-70.
Kaczmarek J., Mączyńska A., Kasprzyk I., Lewandowski A.,
CONCLUSIONS Jędryczka M., 2006. Patterns of Leptosphaeria maculans/ L.
biglobosa ascospore release in the season 2004/2005 in Po-
land. IOBC Bull., 29(7): 259-265.
1. There are big differences in pseudothecia matura-
Khangura R.K., Barbetti M., 2001. Prevalence of blackleg
tion speed of L. maculans and L. biglobosa in different
(Leptosphaeria maculans) on canola (Brassica napus) in
vegetative seasons and locations in Poland.
Western Australia. Austral. J. Experiment. Agric., 41: 71-80.
2. There is a high relationship between pseudothecia
Lacey M., West J.S., 2006. The air spora: a manual for catching
maturation rate of L. maculans and L. biglobosa and mete- and identifying airborne biological particles. Springer-Verlag
orological conditions, especially rainfall. GmbH, p. 156.
3. The weather data observed at different experiment Oliveira M., Ribeiro H., Delgado J.L., Abreu I., 2009. The ef-
sites and years had a strong, positive effect on L. maculans fects of meteorological factors on airborne fungal spore con-
and L. biglobosa maturation process. centration in two areas differing in urbanisation level. Inter-
nation. J. Biometeorol., 53: 61-73.
4. A fi xed period of fungicide treatment against stem
Petrie G.A., 1994. Effects of temperature and moisture on the
canker of brassicas is not effective, when using chemical
number, size and septation of ascospores produced by Lepto-
sprays on oilseed rape.
sphaeria maculans (blackleg) on rapeseed stubble. Can. Plant
Dis. Surv., 74: 141-151.
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Acknowledgements
stem debris. Plant Pathol., 52: 726-736.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Ewa Janczak (Kościerzyn),
Thürwächter F., Garbe V., Hoppe H.H., 1999. Ascospore dis-
Teresa Prokopiuk (Puławy), Agnieszka Radzięciak (Leśniowice),
charge, leaf infestation and variations in pathogenicity as cri-
Jan Skup (Siedlce), Maciej Sobczak (Radom), Andrzej
teria of predict impact of Leptosphaeria maculans on oilseed
Szczepański (Bezek) and Halina Topór (Masłowice) for regular
rape. J. Phytopathol., 147, 215: 22.
sending the samples of oilseed rape stubble over the whole period
West J.S., Kharbanda P.D., Barbetti M.J., Fitt B.D.L., 2001.
of monitoring. Additionally, great thanks again go to Teresa Pro-
Epidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans
kopiuk for her skilful assistance in microspore slide preparations
(phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and
from spore tapes collected at Institute of Soil Science and Plant
Europe. Plant Pathol., 50: 10-27.
Cultivation – National Research Institute in Puławy.