Table Of ContentPOLICING FUTURES
Policing Futures
The Police, Law Enforcement and the
Twenty-First Century
Edited by
Peter Francis
LecturerinCriminologyand Sociology
University ofNorthumbriaatNewcastle
Pamela Davies
SeniorLecturer inCriminologyandSociology
UniversityofNorthumbria atNewcastle
and
Victor Jupp
Principal LecturerinCriminologyandSociology
UniversityofNorthumbria atNewcastle
First publishedinGreatBritain1997by
MACMILLANPRESSLTD
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ISBN978-0-333-68966-0 ISBN978-1-349-25980-9(eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25980-9
First publishedinthe UnitedStatesofAmerica 1997by
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ISBN978-0-312-17597-9
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Policingfutures:the police,lawenforcement,andthetwenty-first
century/editedbyPeterFrancis,PamelaDavies,andVictorJupp.
p. em.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index.
ISBN978-0-312-17597-9(cloth)
I.Police-GreatBritain. 2.Lawenforcement-GreatBritain.
I,Francis,Peter, 1968- II.Davies,Pamela,1962-
III.Jupp,Victor.
HV8195.P65 1997
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Notes on the Contributors viii
'New Millennium Blues?' Policing Past and
Policing Futures
Peter Francis, Pamela Davies and Victor Jupp
2 Equal Opportunities and the Police in England and Wales:
Past, Present and Future Possibilities 20
Jennifer Brown
3 Two Futures for Police Cautioning 51
Elaine Campbell
4 The Future Lasts a Long Time: Public Policework
and the Managerialist Paradox 80
Eugene McLaughlin and Karim Murji
5 Control, Crime and 'End of Century Criminology' 104
Nigel South
6 Crime, Policing and the Provision of Service 124
Barry Loveday
7 Policing Divided Societies: Trends and Prospects in
Northern Ireland and Britain 163
Paddy Hillyard
8 Policing Communities of Risk 186
Les Johnston
9 Policing the Virtual Community: The Internet,
Cyberspace and Cyber-Crime 208
David Wall
Index 237
v
Acknowledgements
Many of the papers on which this collection is based were originally
presented at the University of Northumbria's Annual Criminal Justice
Conference held in Durham during the spring of 1996. Our thanks go
to all those who presented papers at the conference, as well as to our
colleagues and students at the University of Northumbria, without whose
combined efforts the conference would not have been the success it
was.In particular we are grateful to the administrative support of Nancy
Noon and Heidi Robinson in the run-up to and during the conference
weekend.
The various papers presented at the conference have been revised
(in some cases extensively) for this volume, while others have been
specifically commissioned, and we would like to thank all the con
tributors for their support in the production of this book. Finally, our
thanks go to Annabelle Buckley at Macmillan for the support she has
provided during the period it has taken to collate, edit and publish this
volume.
Newcastle PETER FRANCIS
PAMELA DAVIES
VICTOR JuPP
Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller
of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The cartoon in Chapter 9 is repro
duced with the permission of Punch Ltd. Every effort has been made
to contact all the copyright-holders, but if any have been inadventently
omitted the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrange
ment at the earliest opportunity.
vii
Notes on the Contributors
Jennifer Brown is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of
Surrey, where she also obtained her doctorate. Previously she worked
as a researcher for Hampshire Constabulary and as a Lecturer in the
Institute for Police and Criminological Studies at the University of
Portsmouth.She has been actively researching the experiences of women
in the police service and is also interested in occupational stress amongst
police officers. She recently authored Stress and Policing (with Eliza
beth Campbell) (1993).
Elaine Campbell is Lecturer in Social Policy at the University of
Newcastle. She has teaching interests in the areas of criminal justice,
crime and deviance and qualitative methodology. She is currently fin
ishing her PhD on the implementation of a prosecution and diversion
policy in a police force area. Her other research interests are in the
areas of crime prevention and the private sector of policing.
Pamela Davies is Senior Lecturer in Criminology and Sociology at
the University of Northumbria at Newcastle. She specializes in the
teaching of crime as work,along with victimology and explaining crime
and deviance. Previously she worked for Northumbria Police. Her re
search interests include women, crime, gender stereotyping and the
informal economy. She has recently edited Understanding Victimization
(with Victor Jupp and Peter Francis) (1996).
Peter Francis is Lecturer in Criminology and Sociology at the Uni
versity of Northumbria at Newcastle. He is currently coordinating a
research project into young people, drugs and social exclusion in North
East England, and evaluating a programme of child-caring services for
parents in prison. His publications include Prisons 2000: An Inter
national Perspective on the Current State and Future ofImprisonment
(with Roger Matthews) (1996) and Understanding Victimization (with
Pamela Davies and Victor Jupp) (1996). He is also on the editorial
board of Criminal Justice Matters (Institute for the Study and Treat
ment of Delinquency).
viii
Notes on the Contributors ix
Paddy Hillyard is Director of the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies in
the School for Policy Studies at the University of Bristol. He is a
former chairofLiberty and is a member of the editorial board of Social
and Legal Studies: An International Journal. He is a regular contributor
to Statewatch and has written widely in the fields of the sociology of
law and civil liberties. His last book was Suspect Community: People's
Experience ofthe Prevention of Terrorism Acts (1993).
Les Johnston is Reader in Criminology and Head of the Criminology
Section at the University of Teesside. He has research and teaching
interests in public, commercial and civil policing, the politics of law
and order, criminal justice policy and social theory and the state. He
is author of The Rebirth ofPrivate Policing (1992) and of numerous
articles on policing and criminal justice. At present he is working on
two books, Governing Diversity: Explorations in Policing (with Clifford
Shearing and Philip Stenning) (forthcoming) and British Policing in
Transition (forthcoming).
Victor Jupp is Principal Lecturer in Sociology and Criminology and
Head of the Division of Sociology at the University of Northumbria at
Newcastle.He specializes in the teaching of research methods and crimi
nology. In addition he undertakes work for and acts as an assessor to
the Open University. His publications include Methods of Crimino
logical Research (1989), Understanding Victimization (with Pamela
Davies and Peter Francis) (1996) and Data Collection and Analysis
(with Roger Sapsford) (1996).
Barry Loveday is Principal Lecturer and Research Coordinator at the
Institute for Police and Criminological Studies at the University of
Portsmouth. He has published widely on policing, including the recent
book Core Issues in Policing (with Frank Leishman and Steve Sav
age) (1996).
Eugene McLaughlin is Senior Lecturer in Criminology and Social
Policy at the Open University. His publications include Out ofOrder?
Policing ofBlack People (with Elias Cashmore) (1991), Managing Social
Policy (with John Clarke and Alan Cochrane) (1994) and Community,
Policing and Accountability (1994).
Karim Murji is Senior Lecturer in Social Policy and Sociology at the
Roehampton Institute.His publications include Traffickers:Drug Markets
x Notes on the Contributors
and Law Enforcement (with Nicholas Dorn and Nigel South) (1992)
and Drug Prevention (with Nicholas Dorn) (1992) as well as a number
of articles about policing.
Nigel South is Reader in Sociology and Director of the Health and
Social Services Institute at the University of Essex. His current re
search includes work on crimes and the environment and several other
projects in comparative criminology such as prison systems and cross
border crimes. His recent books include Eurodrugs: Drug Use, Mar
kets and Trafficking in Europe (with Vincenzo Ruggerio) (1995), and
the Social Construction ofSocial Policy (with Colin Samson) (1996).
David Wall is Deputy Directorof the Centre forCriminal Justice Studies
at the University of Leeds. He coordinates the Masters programme in
criminal justice and lectures in criminal justice and policing. He has
conducted research and has published articles on the themes of access
to criminal justice, policing information technology and the sociology
of the legal profession. He is co-author of The Impact ofPACE: Po
licing in a Northern Force (with Keith Bottomley, Clive Coleman,
David Dixon and Martin Gill) (1991) and is a co-editor of and con
tributor to Access to Criminal Justice: Legal Aid, Lawyers and the
Defence ofLiberty (with Richard Young) (1996).
1 New Millennium 'Blues'?
Policing Past and Policing
Futures
Peter Francis, Pamela Davies and
Victor Jupp
INTRODUCTION
It is approximately four decades ago, during the 1950s, that the Brit
ish police first came under the gaze of the sociological and crimino
logical telescope, since which time policing and law enforcement have
become central to much intellectual, popular and political discourse
and debate. Conventional wisdom on the trajectory of this relatively
short period, as Downes and Morgan (1994) succinctly put it, is gen
erally apocalyptic; things have deteriorated irreversibly since the golden
days of the 1950s and the future of the police and policing looks bleak.
Indeed, for some commentators it is a period in which th'ecommunity
'plod', epitomized by Ted Willis's PC George Dixon, first in the 1950
film The Blue Lamp and later in the BBC television programme Dixon
ofDock Green, has been replaced by the 'reactive pig' or 'reluctant
bobby', with a visored 'Robocop' or 'Darth Vader' armed and waiting
around the millennium corner.
However, the reality is more complex and less sensational than the
trajectory and images highlighted above suggest. As Downes and Morgan
go on to point out, police and policing 'are now in a healthier state than
before, but look worse because far more is known about their short
comings' (1994: 221). This istheoutcome of three factors: first,a mixture
of academic research; second, changes in the politics of policing, crime
and order; and third, broader socioeconomic and cultural developments
affectinglatemodem society.Takentogether,thesefactorsprovideadegree
of guidance as to the changing past and current nature of British policing,
and provide some understanding astowhy itcontinues to face momentous
change in the light of the coming millennium.It is these changes and the
consequences of them for policing futures as seen by the various con
tributors to this volume which is the focus of this introductory chapter.
