Table Of ContentPolice Use of Force
RecentTitlesin
GlobalCrimeandJustice
OutsmartingtheTerrorists
RonaldV.ClarkeandGraemeR.Newman
HumanTrafficking,HumanMisery:TheGlobalTradeinHumanBeings
AlexisA.Aronowitz
POLICE USE OF FORCE
A Global Perspective
JOSEPH B. KUHNS
AND JOHANNES KNUTSSON, EDITORS
FOREWORDBYDAVIDH.BAYLEY
GlobalCrimeandJustice
GraemeR.Newman,SeriesEditor
Copyright2010byJosephB.KuhnsandJohannesKnutsson
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
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exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsinareview,withoutprior
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Policeuseofforce :aglobalperspective/editedbyJosephB.KuhnsandJohannesKnutsson ;
forewordbyDavidH.Bayley.
p.cm.—(Globalcrimeandjustice)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-313-36326-9(hardcopy :alk.paper)—ISBN978-0-313-36327-6(ebook)
1.Police—Attitudes.2.Policebrutality.3.Policemisconduct.I.Kuhns,JosephB.II.Knutsson,
Johannes,1947-
HV8069.P652010
363.2’32—dc22 2010000171
ISBN: 978-0-313-36326-9
EISBN:978-0-313-36327-6
14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5
ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook.
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Contents
SeriesForewordbyGraemeR.Newman ix
ForewordbyDavidH.Bayley xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
PartI:PoliceUseofForce 1
Introduction
JosephB.KuhnsandJohannesKnutsson 3
1. Non-LethalForcebyPoliceintheUnitedStates:TheVariousLenses
ThroughWhichAppropriatenessIsExamined
WilliamTerrillandEugeneA.Paoline,III 6
2. TheUseofForcebyPoliceinPoland
EmilW.PływaczewskiandIzabelaNowicka 14
3. PoliceandtheUseofForceinHongKong
KamC.Wong 22
4. OfficerSafetyandPublicSafety:TrainingthePolicetoUseForce
intheUnitedKingdom
JohnW.Buttle 32
5. PhysicalandPsychologicalForceinCriminalandMilitary
InterrogationsintheUnitedStates
MarkCostanzoandAllisonRedlich 43
vi CONTENTS
6. Police‘‘Encounters’’inMumbai,India
JyotiBelur 52
7. ManoDura:FightingCrime,Violence,andInsecuritywith
anIronFistinCentralAmerica
Marie-LouiseGlebbeek 63
8. SystemicPoliceViolenceinBrazil
MarthaK.Huggins 73
PartII:PoliceUseofFirearms 83
Introduction
JohannesKnutsson 85
9. PoliceUseofGunsinUnarmedCountries:TheUnitedKingdom
P.A.J.WaddingtonandMartinWright 87
10. PoliceUseofGunsinaRoutinelyUnarmedPoliceForce:
RegulationsandPracticeinNorway
Tor-GeirMyhrerandJonStrype 95
11. PoliceUseofFirearmsinSweden
JohannesKnutsson 105
12. PoliceUseofFirearmsintheNordicCountries:AComparison
JohannesKnutssonandAnnikaNor(cid:2)ee 115
13. PoliceUseofFirearmsinChina:AnOverviewofaRegulatory
Framework
KamC.Wong 124
14. DeadlyForceintheUnitedStates
GregoryB.Morrison 132
15. AnExplorationofPoliceUseofFirearmsinAustralia
DavidBaker 141
16. TheConsequencesofUsingDeadlyForce
DavidA.Klinger 152
PartIII:PoliceUseofNon-LethalWeapons 163
Introduction
JosephB.Kuhns 165
17. PepperSpray:Practice,Policy,andResearchintheNetherlands
RobertJ.KaminskiandOttoAdang 167
CONTENTS vii
18. PoliceUseoftheTASERintheUnitedStates:Research,
Controversies,andRecommendations
MichaelD.WhiteandJustinReady 177
19. CurrentlyAvailableLess-than-LethalAlternativesand
EmergingTechnologiesfortheFuture
DianaL.SummersandJosephB.Kuhns 188
Conclusion:AJourneyThroughtheWorldofPoliceUseofForce
EdwardR.Maguire 199
Notes 213
Appendix 221
References 225
Index 255
AbouttheEditorsandContributors 259
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Series Foreword
THIS FASCINATING AND diverse book in the Global Crime and Justice series fol-
lows an earlier title, Human Trafficking, Human Misery, a book that high-
lighted this crime’s international proportions, and the challenge it posed to
police who were faced with the problem that often the offenders they appre-
hended (illegal immigrants) were also victims (trafficked into prostitution or
forced labor). They were both innocent and guilty at the same time. As this
book shows, however, the problem of the innocence and guilt of suspects is a
universal, indeed core problem that faces all policing, at least modern polic-
ing. It is deeply tied to the use of force by the State. It is a philosophical and
political problem that is played out in the daily actions of police as they per-
form their duty.
Force, and the use of it, is rather like water. Without it, we could achieve
little. We could not build houses, roads, or skyscrapers. We could not trans-
port ourselves to faraway places. Indeed, without it, societies would collapse.
Great philosophers have tried in vain to construct ways in which societies
could function without force, and revolutionaries have, contradictorily, tried to
impose these grand political visions on people in many lands. The thinkers of
the 18th century enlightenment following Hobbes, particularly Rousseau,
Locke, and Hume, finally had to acknowledge that the State was a necessary,
though distasteful, body for imposing peace and order in societies. It was
Locke, following Montesquieu, who first clearly recognized though that force
had itself to be controlled, and this could be achieved by the ‘‘separation of
powers.’’ This principle has become the linchpin of the rule of law, embedded
in the United States political system and Constitution (i.e., the legislative,
judicial, and executive branches). Indeed, it is embedded in the constitutions
