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Routledge Studies in Surveillance
POLICE ON CAMERA
SURVEILLANCE, PRIVACY, AND ACCOUNTABILITY
Edited by
Bryce Clayton Newell
aninformabusiness
ISBN 978-1-138-34243-9
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www.routledge.com
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Police on Camera
Police body-worn cameras (BWCs) are at the cutting edge of policing. They
have sparked important conversations about the proper role and extent of
police in society and about balancing security, oversight, accountability, priv
acy, and surveillance in our modern world. Police on Camera address the
conceptual and empirical evidence surrounding the use of BWCs by police
officers in societies around the globe, offering a variety of differing opinions
from experts in the field.
The book provides the reader with conceptual and empirical analyses of the
role and impact of police body-worn cameras in society. These analyses are
complemented by invited commentaries designed to open up dialogue and
generate debate on these important social issues. The book offers informed,
critical commentary to the ongoing debates about the implications that BWCs
have for society in various parts of the world, with special attention to issues
of police accountability and discretion, privacy, and surveillance.
This book is designed to be accessible to a broad audience, and is targeted
at scholars and students of surveillance, law, policy, and the police, as well as
policymakers and others interested in how surveillance technologies are
impacting our modern world and criminal justice institutions.
Bryce Clayton Newell is an Assistant Professor in the School of Journalism
and Communication at the University of Oregon. His books include Surveillance,
Privacy and Public Space (2019) and Privacy in Public Space (2017; both with
Tjerk Timan and Bert-Jaap Koops).
Routledge Studies in Surveillance
Kirstie Ball is Professor in Management at St Andrews University, UK
William Webster is Professor of Public Policy and Management at the University
of Stirling, UK
Charles Raab is Professorial Fellow in Politics and International Relations at the
University of Edinburgh, UK
Pete Fussey is a Professor in the Department of Sociology at University of
Essex, UK
Surveillance is one of the fundamental sociotechnical processes underpinning
the administration, governance and management of the modern world. It
shapes how the world is experienced and enacted. The much-hyped growth in
computing power and data analytics in public and private life, successive scan
dals concerning privacy breaches, national security and human rights have
vastly increased its popularity as a research topic. The centrality of personal
data collection to notions of equality, political participation and the emergence
of surveillant authoritarian and post-authoritarian capitalisms, among other
things, ensure that its popularity will endure within the scholarly community.
A collection of books focusing on surveillance studies, this series aims to help
to overcome some of the disciplinary boundaries that surveillance scholars
face by providing an informative and diverse range of books, with a variety of
outputs that represent the breadth of discussions currently taking place.
Big Data, Surveillance and Crisis Management
Edited by Chiara Fonio and Kees Boersma
Surveillance, Privacy and Public Space
Edited by Bryce Clayton Newell, Tjerk Timan, and Bert-Jaap Koops
Surveillance and Democracy in Europe
Kirstie Ball and William Webster
Media, Surveillance and Affect
Narrating Feeling-States
Nicole Falkenhayner
Police on Camera
Surveillance, Privacy, and Accountability
Edited by Bryce Clayton Newell
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.
com/Routledge-Studies-in-Surveillance/book-series/RSSURV.
Police on Camera
Surveillance, Privacy, and Accountability
Edited by
Bryce Clayton Newell
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 selection and editorial matter, Bryce Clayton Newell; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of Bryce Clayton Newell to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Newell, Bryce Clayton, editor.
Title: Police on camera : surveillance, privacy, and accountability / edited by
Bryce Clayton Newell.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series:
Routledge studies in surveillance | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020019634 (print) | LCCN 2020019635 (ebook) | ISBN
9781138342439 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429439759 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Police misconduct–Prevention. | Wearable cameras. |
Police-community relations. | Police.
Classification: LCC HV7936.C56 P64 2021 (print) | LCC HV7936.C56 (ebook)
| DDC 363.2/2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020019634
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020019635
ISBN: 978-1-138-34243-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-43975-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Taylor & Francis Books
Contents
List of illustrations viii
List of contributors ix
Preface xii
Abbreviations xiv
Introduction: The ayes have it—Should they?: Police
body-worn cameras 1
GARY T. MARX
SECTION 1
Setting the stage: Theory and practice 23
1 Taking off the blinders: A general framework to understand how
bodycams work 25
SANDER FLIGHT
2 Theorizing police body-worn cameras 38
RICHARD JONES
3 Reading the body-worn camera as multiple: A reconsideration of
entities as enactments 48
KATHRYN HENNE AND JENNA HARB
SECTION 2
Accountability and discretion 63
4 Can we count on the police?: Definitional issues in
considering the promise of body-worn cameras to increase
police accountability 65
KEITH GUZIK
vi Contents
5 The camera never lies?: Police body-worn cameras and
operational discretion 80
EMMELINE TAYLOR AND MURRAY LEE
6 Does surveillance of officers lead to de-policing?: A block
randomized crossover controlled trial on body-worn cameras
in Uruguay 95
BARAK ARIEL, RENÉE J. MITCHELL, MARIA EMILIA FIRPO,
RICARDO FRAIMAN, JORDAN M. HYATT, AND VINCENT HARINAM
7 Police body-worn cameras in the Canadian context: Policing’s
new visibility and today’s expectations for police accountability 122
GREGORY R. BROWN
8 Commentary: Accountability, discretion, and the questions
we ask 149
AMANDA GLASBEEK
9 Commentary: Questioning assumptions of de-policing and
erasures of race: A rejoinder to Ariel and colleagues’ study of
camera-induced passivity among traffic police in Uruguay 156
KRYSTLE SHORE
SECTION 3
Privacy and surveillance 165
10 Not just about privacy: Police body-worn cameras and the costs
of public area surveillance 167
BENJAMIN J. GOOLD
11 Privacy, public disclosure, and police-worn body camera footage 182
MARY D. FAN
12 The rise of body-worn video cameras: A new surveillance
revolution? 200
CHARLES LELEUX AND C. WILLIAM R. WEBSTER
13 Commentary: A republican and collective approach to the
privacy and surveillance issues of bodycams 223
GERARD JAN RITSEMA VAN ECK AND LOTTE HOUWING
Contents vii
14 Commentary: Protecting the rights of citizens on camera: Why
restricting disclosure of police body camera footage is better than
giving victims control over recording 231
KATERINA HADJIMATHEOU
Conclusion: Body-worn cameras, surveillance, and police
legitimacy 237
ANTHONY A. BRAGA
Index 246
Illustrations
Figures
1.1 The Bodycam Framework: Three clusters of variables that
determine how bodycams “work” 29
6.1 Total Number of Tickets per Month (Jun 2016–Feb 2017),
within Five Blocks 109
Tables
0.1 BWCs and new surveillance dimensions (adapted from Marx
2017) 4
6.1 Random allocation sequence within five geographic blocks 107
6.2 Bonferroni post hoc multiple comparisons between five
statistical blocks 110
6.3 Mean tickets per shifts, per experimental conditions, across
blocks, and independent samples t-tests 110
11.1 Events that should not be recorded according to the 42 publicly
available body camera recording policies and laws coded 190
12.1 BWV in Scotland analytical framework 208
12.2 Body-worn video in Scotland: Operational issues 210
12.3 Perceived benefits of body-worn video in Scotland 213
12.4 Body-worn video in Scotland: Attitudinal responses 215
Contributors
Barak Ariel is a Reader in Experimental Criminology in the Institute of
Criminology at the University of Cambridge, and an Associate Professor at
the Institute of Criminology in the Faculty of Law at Hebrew University.
Anthony A. Braga is the Elmer V.H. and Eileen M. Brooks Distinguished
Professor and Director of the Center on Crime and Community Resilience
at Northeastern University. His research interests include developing fair
and effective police strategies, preventing gun violence, and program
evaluation.
Gregory R. Brown is a Fulbright Scholar, a former visiting researcher in the
School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany (2016–2017), and currently
a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Nathanson Centre on Transnational
Human Rights, Crime and Security at Osgoode Hall Law School, York
University.
Mary D. Fan is the Jack R. MacDonald Endowed Chair in Law at the
University of Washington School of Law. Among her recent works is her
new book Camera Power: Proof, Policing, Privacy, and Audiovisual Big Data
(Cambridge University Press 2019).
Maria Emilia Firpo is an Asistente Téchnico (Technical Assistant) at the
Ministry of Interior, Uruguay.
Sander Flight is an independent academic and researcher based in Amsterdam,
the Netherlands, who focuses his research and policy work on surveillance,
privacy, and camera technology.
Ricardo Fraiman is an Antropólogo (Anthropologist) at the Ministry of
Interior, Uruguay.
Amanda Glasbeek is an Associate Professor in the Department of Social
Science at York University.
Benjamin J. Goold is a Professor of Law in the Peter A. Allard School of Law
at the University of British Columbia.
