Table Of ContentDedicated to the Police Shuhada, the Injured and their Families
“This report has been prepared by the Research Society of International Law (RSIL) in
collaboration with the National Public Safety Commission and the National Police
Bureau, Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan.”
RESEARCH SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
SUPERVISION & EDITING
MUHAMMAD OVES ANWAR JAMAL AZIZ
DIRECTOR, CONFLICT LAW CENTRE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, RSIL
SAAD-UR-REHMAN KHAN MUHAMMAD MAJID BASHIR
DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL LAW SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW
TRAINING CENTRE
RESEARCH TEAM
BARRISTER ZARNAB AURAKZAI JAHANZAIB DURRANI
LL.B (SOAS), BAR-AT-LAW LL.B (LOND.) LL.M (NOTTINGHAM)
(LINCOLN’S INN) RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
FAHD QAISRANI IMAAN MAZARI HAZIR
LL.B (LOND.) LL.B (EDINBURGH)
RESEARCH ASSOCIATE RESEARCH ASSOCIATE
ABID RIZVI
B.A/LL.B (LUMS), LLM (PENN)
RESEARCH FELLOW
NATIONAL POLICE BUREAU
SUPERVISION & EDITING
DR. SYED KALEEM IMAM, PSP
TI, QPM, PPM, UNPM,
DIRECTOR,
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION,
NATIONAL POLICE BUREAU
RESEARCH TEAM
MIAN ARFAN UL HAQ, SAEED ABBAS BAJWA,
SENIOR RESEARCH OFFICER, DEPUTY DIRECTOR (C&I)
NATIONAL POLICE BUREAU NATIONAL POLICE BUREAU
O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in
justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or
parents and relatives. Whether one is rich or poor, Allah is
more worthy of both. So follow not [personal] inclination, lest
you not be just. And if you distort [your testimony] or refuse
[to give it], then indeed Allah is ever, with what you do,
Acquainted.
[The Holy Quran,Surah An-Nisa v.135]
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“You have to stand guard over the development and
maintenance of democracy, social justice and the equality of
manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and
selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you
cannot achieve.”
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
Malir, Karachi, Sindh
February 21, 1948.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Messages .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
About The Research Society of International Law, Pakistan ............................................................................ 11
About the Police (Police Profile) ....................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 1: General Definitions .......................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 1.1: Relevant Legal Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 58
Chapter 2: Procedures ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Chapter 2.1: Criminal Procedure under Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 ...................................................... 61
2.1.1 Procedure of First Information Report (FIR) ................................................................................... 61
2.1.2 Arrest................................................................................................................................................ 67
2.1.3 Investigation: .................................................................................................................................... 77
2.1.4 Procedure of Trial by Magistrate ..................................................................................................... 87
2.1.5 Procedure of Bail ............................................................................................................................. 91
2.1.6 Remedies against FIR ...................................................................................................................... 94
Chapter 2.2 Trial Procedure under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 ................................................................. 95
2.2.1 Offences that attract the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 ......................................................................... 95
2.2.2 First Information Report (FIR) under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 .............................................. 96
2.2.3 Actions taken under the Anti-Terrorism Act after registration of FIR ............................................ 96
2.2.4 Arrest, Detention, Preventive Detention under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 ................................ 98
2.2.5 Remand ............................................................................................................................................ 99
2.2.6 Investigation ................................................................................................................................... 100
2.2.7 Bail under the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 ....................................................................................... 102
2.2.1 Procedure of Trial .......................................................................................................................... 103
Chapter 3: Relevant Articles of The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 ......................... 109
Chapter 3.1: Relevant Rules of Business, 1973 ........................................................................................... 114
Chapter 4: Frequently Referenced Laws .......................................................................................................... 115
Chapter 4.1: Frequently used sections of the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 ................................................... 115
4.1.1 Chart of Cognizable, Bailable and Compoundable Offences ......................................................... 137
Chapter 4.2: Frequently used Sections of Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 ................................................. 154
Chapter 5: Relevant sections of Special Laws ................................................................................................. 162
5.1 The Explosives Act, 1884 ...................................................................................................................... 162
5.2 The Explosive Substances Act, 1908 ..................................................................................................... 164
5.3 The Probation of Offenders Ordinance, 1960 ........................................................................................ 164
5.4 The Pakistan Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1958 ........................................................................... 166
5.5 The West Pakistan Maintenance of Public Order Ordinance, 1960 ....................................................... 169
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5.6 Pakistan Arms Ordinance, 1965............................................................................................................. 176
5.7 The Criminal Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 1968 Sections: ..................................................... 180
5.8 Federal Investigation Agency Act, 1974 ................................................................................................ 183
5.9 The Prevention of Anti-National Activities Act, 1974 .......................................................................... 184
5.10 The Suppression of Terrorists Activities (Special Courts) Act, 1975 .................................................. 186
5.11 The Prevention of Gambling Act, 1977 ............................................................................................... 186
5.12 Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadd) Order, 1979 ................................................................................. 187
5.13 Offences Against Property (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979 ............................................. 189
5.14 The Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinace, 1979 ......................................................... 192
5.15 The Offence of Qazf (Enforcement of Hadd) Ordinance, 1979 ........................................................... 194
5.16 The Special Courts for Speedy Trials Act, 1987.................................................................................. 196
5.17 The Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1992 ................................................................... 197
5.18 The Anti-Narcotics Force Act, 1997 .................................................................................................... 199
5.19 The Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997 .................................................................................... 203
5.20 The Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 ............................................................................................................. 213
5.21 The Juvenile Justice System Ordinance, 2000 ..................................................................................... 213
5.22 The Juvenile Justice Rules, 2001 ......................................................................................................... 214
5.23 The Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking Ordinance, 2002 ................................................. 215
5.24 The Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking Rules, 2004 ......................................................... 216
5.25 The Investigation for Fair Trial Act, 2010 ........................................................................................... 217
5.26 The Protection of Pakistan Act, 2014 .................................................................................................. 221
5.27 Injured Persons (Medical Aid) Act, 2004 ............................................................................................ 226
5.28 National Accountability Ordinance, 1999 (as amended up to 2010) ................................................... 226
5.29 National Counter Terrorism Authority Act, 2013 ................................................................................ 229
Chapter 6: Use of Force ................................................................................................................................... 230
6.1 Use of Force Defined ............................................................................................................................. 230
6.2 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973 ......................................................................... 231
6.2.1 Use of Force under International Human Rights Law .................................................................... 232
6.2.2 Use of Force under International Humanitarian Law ..................................................................... 232
6.3 Use of Force in the Light of Domestic Case Law— Basic Principles Enunciated ................................ 233
6.3.1 Proportionality: ............................................................................................................................... 233
6.3.2 Legality: .......................................................................................................................................... 233
6.3.3 Accountability: ................................................................................................................................ 234
6.3.4 Necessity: ........................................................................................................................................ 234
6.4 Operational Framework of Use of Force ............................................................................................... 235
6.4.1 Use of Force in Law Enforcement Operations ................................................................................ 235
6.4.1.1 Self Defence ............................................................................................................................. 236
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6.4.2 Use of Force Against Unlawful Assemblies ................................................................................... 237
6.4.3 Use of Force at the Time of Arrest.................................................................................................. 242
6.4.4 Use of Force in Custody................................................................................................................. 243
6.4.5 Accountability ................................................................................................................................. 243
Chapter 7: Preventive Detention ...................................................................................................................... 246
7.1 Preventive Detention Defined: ............................................................................................................... 246
7.2 Preventive Detention in International Human Rights Law ................................................................... 246
7.3 Preventive Detention under Pakistani Law ........................................................................................... 247
7.4 Grounds for Detention .......................................................................................................................... 247
7.5 Procedures for Preventive Detention ................................................................................................... 249
7.5.1 Procedural Safeguards During Preventive Detention ..................................................................... 249
7.5.2 Conditions of Detention .................................................................................................................. 253
Chapter 8: Human Rights Obligations of Law Enforcement Agencies ........................................................... 257
8.1 Effect of ratification ......................................................................................................................... 257
8.2 Domestic Law .................................................................................................................................. 258
8.3 International Law ............................................................................................................................. 259
8.3.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights...................................................................... 259
8.3.2 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women ........................... 263
8.3.3 Convention on the Rights of the Child ............................................................................................ 264
8.3.4 Convention Against Torture ............................................................................................................ 265
8.3.5 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials ........................................................................... 267
8.3.6 The Ten Basic Standards ................................................................................................................. 269
Chapter 9 – Police and Prisons ........................................................................................................................ 274
The Prisons Act, 1894 .................................................................................................................................. 274
Pakistan Prison Rules, 1978 ......................................................................................................................... 274
ANNEXURES ................................................................................................................................................. 293
I. Warrant of Precedence for the Islamic Republic of Pakistan................................................................... 293
II. Pakistan Police stations ............................................................................................................................ 305
III. Police Strength ..................................................................................................................................... 306
IV. Registers maintained by Police Stations .............................................................................................. 307
V. Security and Law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan ............................................................................. 308
VI. Internal Organogram of the Ministry of Interior .................................................................................. 309
The National Police Bureau ......................................................................................................................... 310
National Public Safety Commission ............................................................................................................ 311
VII. Judicial Structure of Pakistan ............................................................................................................... 312
VIII. Crime Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 319
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