Polarization in Optical Fibers (Artech House Applied Photonics)

290 Pages·2008·3.68 MB·English

by  Alan Rogers

Polarization in Optical Fibers
The Artech House Applied Photonics Series
Series Editors
Brian Culshaw
Alan Rogers
For a listing of recent related Artech House titles,
turn to the back of this book.
Polarization in Optical Fibers
Alan Rogers
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ISBN-13:978-1-58053-534-2
CoverdesignbyYekaterinaRatner
Thefollowingdiagramsarereprinted,withpermission,from EssentialsofOpto-Electronics,
bythesameauthor,andpublishedbyChapmanandHall,1997:Figures1.1–1.18,2.1–2.19,
3.1–3.15,4.1–4.17,5.1,5.23–5.26,6.1,6.2,6.4–6.16,7.4,and7.11–7.13.
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10987654321
To my wife, Wendy, and my two sons, Daniel and Gareth

Contents
Preface xiii
1 The Wave Theory of Light 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves 1
1.2.1 Velocity and Refractive Index 1
1.2.2 Energy, Power, and Intensity 4
1.2.3 Optical Polarization 6
1.3 Reflection and Refraction 8
1.4 Total Internal Reflection 19
1.5 Interference of Light 23
1.6 Diffraction 25
1.7 Group Velocity 32
1.8 Emission and Absorption of Light 36
1.9 Elements of Photodetection 37
1.10 Conclusions 39
References 40
Selected Bibliography 40
vii
viii PolarizationinOpticalFibers
2 Optical Waveguiding 41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 The Slab Waveguide 41
2.3 Integrated Optics 52
2.4 Cylindrical Waveguides 53
2.5 Optical Fibers 57
2.6 Optical Fibers for Communications 60
2.6.1 Optical-Fiber Attenuation 62
2.6.2 Optical-Fiber Dispersion 64
2.7 Conclusions 74
References 74
Selected Bibliography 74
3 Elements of Polarization Optics 75
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 The Polarization Ellipse 76
3.3 Crystal Optics 79
3.4 Retarding Waveplates 84
3.5 A Variable Waveplate: The Soleil-Babinet
Compensator 88
3.6 Polarizing Prisms 89
3.7 Linear Birefringence 91
3.8 Circular Birefringence 91
3.9 Elliptical Birefringence 92
3.10 Polarization Analysis 94
3.11 The Form of the Jones Matrices 101
3.11.1 Linear Birefringence Matrix 101
3.11.2 Circular Birefringence Matrix 102
3.11.3 Elliptical Birefringence Matrix 102
3.11.4 The Essence of the Jones Calculus 103
Contents ix
3.11.5 The Retarder/Rotator Pair 109
3.12 Conclusions 110
References 111
Selected Bibliography 111
4 Polarization Effects in Optical Fibers 113
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 Linear Polarization Effects in Optical Fibers 114
4.2.1 General Introduction 114
4.2.2 Polarization-Holding Waveguides 116
4.2.3 Bend-Induced Linear Birefringence 121
4.2.4 Twist-Induced Circular Birefringence 122
4.2.5 Twisted Linearly Birefringent Fiber 122
4.2.6 The Electro-Optic Effect 124
4.2.7 The Magneto-Optic Effect 125
4.2.8 Polarization-Dependent Loss/Gain 128
4.3 Nonlinear Polarization Effects in Optical Fibers 128
4.3.1 General Introduction 128
4.3.2 The Formalism of Nonlinear Optics 130
4.3.3 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 132
4.3.4 Second Harmonic Generation and Phase
Matching 133
4.3.5 Optical Mixing 138
4.3.6 Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index 139
4.3.7 Optical Kerr Effect 141
4.3.8 Self-Phase Modulation 142
4.3.9 Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 145
4.4 Solitons 148
4.5 Conclusions 151
References 151
5 Practical Applications of Polarization Effects
in Optical Fiber Communications 153
5.1 Introduction 153